Tubal-Cain is named in one verse of Genesis as a man associated with work in bronze and iron. His craft shows the abilities early humanity possessed, while the family around him gives us reason to distinguish technical achievement from righteousness. Genesis records his family and craft without giving us a full biography.
Tubal-Cain in the Line of Cain
His family setting begins with Cain, who murdered Abel and left the presence of the Lord:
Then Cain went out from the presence of the LORD and dwelt in the land of Nod on the east of Eden. And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived and bore Enoch. And he built a city, and called the name of the city after the name of his son, Enoch.
Genesis 4:16-17
Cain built a city and named it after his son Enoch. His descendants could organize a settlement and pass knowledge to later generations, despite the judgment recorded against their ancestor. Several generations later, Lamech appears with two wives, Adah and Zillah. He is the first man Scripture specifically records taking two wives, and his household includes the brothers known for herding, music, and metalwork.
Later in this chapter, Lamech boasts about killing a man. Tubal-Cain’s skill appears in that household, but Genesis does not describe his personal beliefs or every use he made of his craft. We need to distinguish what Scripture says about the family from what we might imagine about an individual member. Human accomplishment and serious wrongdoing stand close together in this family.
Jabal, Jubal, and the Abilities of Early Humanity
Adah’s sons were Jabal and Jubal. Zillah’s son Tubal-Cain was their half-brother:
And Adah bore Jabal. He was the father of those who dwell in tents and have livestock. His brother’s name was Jubal. He was the father of all those who play the harp and flute.
Genesis 4:20-21
And as for Zillah, she also bore Tubal-Cain, an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron. And the sister of Tubal-Cain was Naamah.
Genesis 4:22
Tubal-Cain’s name is written תּוּבַל קַיִן (Tubal Qayin). Genesis does not explain its meaning. It also names his sister Naamah without describing her occupation or later life. We should not give proposed meanings or later accounts the authority of the details Genesis actually records. Here we know their place in Lamech’s household and Tubal-Cain’s association with metalwork.
Jabal is associated with tents and livestock, Jubal with the harp and flute, and Tubal-Cain with metalworking. Calling Jabal and Jubal the “father” of these practices presents them as leading figures whose work others could learn and continue. The text identifies practical livelihoods and artistic skill among the early generations before the Flood.
Those activities required understanding. A herder needed to know his animals and provide for them. Making and playing an instrument called for knowledge of how its materials could produce ordered sound. A metalworker had to learn how his material responded as he worked it. The descriptions are brief, but they portray people able to learn, think, and invent.
That ability fits the creation account:
Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion…”
Genesis 1:26
So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
Genesis 1:27
God made people in His image, capable of speech, thought, responsible action, and work in the world He entrusted to them. The fall corrupted humanity without removing that image or erasing intelligence. Cain’s descendants remained human beings with dignity and ability, even when sin shaped their conduct. The study on the image of God examines that calling and worth.
Their work served both practical and artistic purposes. Herding met everyday needs, music brought order and beauty to sound, and metalworking could make useful implements. Human life included more than obtaining enough food to survive. God gave people the capacity to cultivate, design, and appreciate what was useful or beautiful. Possessing those abilities, however, did not establish that the person using them was honoring Him.
What Genesis Says About Tubal-Cain’s Metalwork
Tubal-Cain is often called the first blacksmith. I would call him the earliest metalworker named in Scripture. Genesis identifies his place in the craft without expressly saying that no person before him had ever shaped metal. That distinction allows us to affirm his importance without making the verse answer a question it does not directly address.
The NKJV calls him “an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron.” The compact Hebrew phrase is often transliterated lotesh kol choresh nechosheth uvarzel. The word lotesh can refer to hammering or sharpening, as the Hebrew lexical entry explains. Other translations describe Tubal-Cain as forging or shaping metal implements; the translation comparison and NET note show those renderings. These renderings differ, but each identifies him with skill in metalworking. The NKJV particularly emphasizes his instruction of other craftsmen.
The term rendered “bronze” can also refer to copper or a copper alloy. That range explains why translations may use copper or bronze without changing the passage’s basic claim. Genesis names this material alongside iron. It does not tell us the exact alloy, the design of a furnace, or every process Tubal-Cain used, so I would not reconstruct his workshop from the translation alone.
Other passages identify the materials people work with as resources already present in God’s earth:
Iron is taken from the earth, And copper is smelted from ore.
Job 28:2
“A land in which you will eat bread without scarcity, in which you will lack nothing; a land whose stones are iron and out of whose hills you can dig copper.”
Deuteronomy 8:9
A craftsman does not create iron or copper out of nothing. He works with what God has made, using intelligence and acquired skill that also depend on his Creator. Learning a craft takes effort and judgment, but those accomplishments do not make the worker independent of the One who gave him life and a world to work in.
I receive Genesis as a truthful account of humanity’s beginnings, including God’s direct creation of Adam and Eve. These were image-bearers who could speak, work, marry, worship, and answer for their moral choices. I do not accept evolutionary timelines that set aside that beginning or explain our human nature and creative power apart from the Creator. The study on the literal six days of creation explains that reading of Genesis.
We should still describe archaeological terms accurately. Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age classify patterns in tools and material culture in particular regions and periods. They are not grades of human worth or intelligence. The British Museum’s description of the Iron Age, for example, notes regional subdivisions with their own chronologies. Classifying artifacts does not by itself explain where human nature came from.
Surviving artifacts can tell us about a place without preserving every aspect of its past. Materials do not all survive equally, some sites remain undiscovered, and different peoples can use different tools during the same period. I cannot give those classifications authority to rewrite what I receive from Genesis. But classifying a people’s tools does not mean claiming that those people lacked intelligence or moral responsibility.
Genesis 4 places metalworking before the Flood. It does not give modern archaeological dates or establish that the world then possessed every later invention. I would weaken my argument by inventing a whole range of technologies the chapter never mentions. The account shows capable people developing useful arts without telling us all the equipment and methods they used.
Skill Could Not Save the World Before the Flood
Lamech’s speech to Adah and Zillah brings the family’s violence into the open:
Then Lamech said to his wives: “Adah and Zillah, hear my voice; Wives of Lamech, listen to my speech! For I have killed a man for wounding me, Even a young man for hurting me. If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, Then Lamech seventy-sevenfold.”
Genesis 4:23-24
Lamech spoke to Adah and Zillah about killing a man who had wounded him, then magnified his claim to vengeance far beyond Cain’s. The speech is arranged poetically, but its form does not make its content righteous. A household associated with music and skilled work could also produce a celebration of retaliation. The study on Lamech from the line of Cain examines that boast more fully.
Genesis does not name a weapon in this killing or say that Tubal-Cain supplied anything for it. The warning comes from the conduct Scripture records in the family, not from an invented claim that the son armed his father. Tubal-Cain’s metalwork could be used for good or misused, but technical knowledge itself could not correct the pride and violence displayed in Lamech’s words.
By Genesis 6, the judgment on the wider world concerns moral corruption:
Then the LORD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
Genesis 6:5
So God looked upon the earth, and indeed it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth.
Genesis 6:12
The reason given is that “all flesh had corrupted their way.” No further invention could remove that guilt. Better tools might make labor easier, but they could not turn rebellion into worship or reconcile sinners to God. The people described in Genesis had families, livelihoods, artistic skill, and practical knowledge. Those achievements did not prevent their thoughts and conduct from becoming corrupt.
I need to resist both despising those abilities and romanticizing the people who possessed them. Cain built a city, but city building did not undo his murder of Abel. Lamech belonged to a productive household, but its achievements did not make his revenge righteous. We cannot measure spiritual health by the brilliance of a person’s work or assume that cultural progress will eventually cure sin.
We face the same responsibility when we use knowledge. Technology can protect life, relieve burdens, and help us care for neighbors. It can also serve greed, intimidation, and violence. Knowing how to make something is different from being willing to use it in obedience to God. We remain responsible to Him for the purposes our skills serve.
When Craft and Music Serve God
The appearance of music and metalwork in Cain’s line does not make either one evil. Later Scripture shows the Lord specifically equipping Bezalel for work on the tabernacle:
“And I have filled him with the Spirit of God, in wisdom, in understanding, in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship, to design artistic works, to work in gold, in silver, in bronze…”
Exodus 31:3-4
God gave Bezalel wisdom, understanding, and knowledge for the artistic work He had commanded. In the tabernacle, metalworking served a purpose God had appointed. Bezalel still had to work with real materials and tools; receiving ability from God did not replace practiced skill or excuse careless work. His craftsmanship was to express obedience.
The Psalms likewise call for music in praise:
Praise Him with the sound of the trumpet; Praise Him with the lute and harp! Praise Him with the timbrel and dance; Praise Him with stringed instruments and flutes!
Psalm 150:3-4
The harp and flute associated with Jubal also appear here as instruments of praise. We should not condemn the ability to make music because someone uses it for vanity. Nor should an impressive performance make us overlook what the music expresses. Psalm 150 directs the musician and the instrument toward praise of the Lord.
That call to use our abilities faithfully reaches beyond work on a religious building or music at a church gathering. A builder provides sound shelter, a mechanic makes an engine reliable, and a farmer cares for a field. Each uses abilities in God’s world. Teaching a child and designing a useful object likewise call for judgment and patience. We should receive those capacities gratefully and use them honestly for the good of others under Christ’s authority.
The same tool may help build a shelter or be used to injure a neighbor. Musical skill can serve worship or feed pride, and knowledge can benefit another person or become a means of exploiting him. When I admire an accomplishment, I also need to ask what purpose it serves and whether the person behind it is being faithful to God. Admiration for talent must not become an excuse to ignore sin.
My Final Thoughts
Tubal-Cain was the earliest metalworker named in Scripture, part of a household remembered for practical and artistic abilities. Their abilities came from the God who made them in His image. Yet this is also the family in which Lamech boasts of revenge, so I cannot equate achievement with righteousness. Genesis does not make metalworking or music evil, and it does not tell us every use Tubal-Cain made of his skill. It does call us to recognize our dependence on the Creator and take responsibility for the ways we use what He has given. Skill cannot reconcile us to God; our work should serve the Lord rather than our pride.
I believe the earth is thousands of years old, with roughly six thousand years as a reasonable estimate from the biblical chronology. Genesis does not give a BC date for creation, but it does describe a creation week and tell us the fathers’ ages when the next named sons were born. Those ages let us follow the years from Adam toward Abraham. The later history of Israel then carries the chronology toward Christ.
Adding ages at the births is fairly straightforward. Fitting a period of sojourning or a king’s reign into the larger record can require comparison with other passages. I want to distinguish the time Scripture expressly states from the decisions we make when arranging those periods, so that an approximate creation date is not presented as an exact one.
Reading the Beginning as History
Before Genesis tells us how long creation took, it tells us who created everything.
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
Genesis 1:1
“The heavens and the earth” includes the whole created order. God did not assemble a world from materials that existed independently of Him. Everything owes its existence to Him, including time itself. His authority over us follows from that relationship: the One who made us has the right to tell us who we are and how we ought to live.
Genesis goes on to explain marriage, the entrance of sin, and God’s judgment, while beginning the promise that leads to Christ. Those events explain what went wrong with the world He came to redeem. If I rearrange the opening chapters whenever another account of origins requires it, the changes can reach into those teachings as well. I am deciding how to read the history on which they depend, rather than merely adjusting a date.
God created in six days and rested on the seventh. The Hebrew word yom can mean different things depending on its context, much like our English word “day.” Here the days are numbered, with evening and morning marking their progression.
God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. So the evening and the morning were the first day.
Genesis 1:5
The numbered sequence and the evening-and-morning pattern lead me to understand these as ordinary days. Knowing that yom can describe a longer period elsewhere does not establish that it means a long era in this passage. Moses gives us another reason to read it this way when he connects the creation week with Israel’s weekly work and rest.
For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.
Exodus 20:11
God gave Israel His six days of work and seventh day of rest as the pattern for their own week. I find that connection a compelling reason to read the creation days as ordinary days. If they represented immense ages, the relationship to Israel’s working week would need an explanation Moses does not give. The study on the literal six days of creation examines that wording more closely.
Jesus also appealed to the creation of Adam and Eve when He taught about marriage.
But from the beginning of the creation, God “made them male and female.”
Mark 10:6
Genesis describes Adam being formed from dust and Eve being made from him. Jesus treated them as real people whose union established God’s pattern for marriage. I understand His reference to the beginning as fitting Genesis placing humanity near the start of creation history. Some Christians who accept an older earth also affirm a historical Adam and Eve, so disagreement about the earth’s age gives me no grounds to accuse them of denying those people.
Paul’s explanation of salvation likewise depends on Adam being a real man whose sin had real consequences.
Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned.
Romans 5:12
Human death entered through Adam’s sin, while righteousness and life come through Jesus Christ. Paul gives the corresponding contrast in 1 Corinthians 15:22: “For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive.” If Adam were merely symbolic, we would be changing the explanation of what Christ came to overcome. Accepting a particular creation date cannot save anyone, but the people and events in Genesis belong to the same history that brings us to our Savior.
Animal death before Adam raises a related question. God called His completed creation very good, and Genesis then describes sin and the curse. Romans 8 speaks of creation groaning under corruption, while 1 Corinthians 15 calls death an enemy. I find that sequence difficult to reconcile with ages of animal disease, predation, and extinction before Adam sinned.
Old-earth Christians often respond that Romans 5 specifically connects human death with Adam’s sin. They are right that the passage does not directly tell us when animal death began. I still believe the wider sequence of original goodness, sin, and creation’s corruption supports a young earth. That is an argument from the passages together, and I should not quote Romans 5 as though it explicitly names animal death.
From Adam to Noah and the Flood
Genesis 5 lets us begin tracing the elapsed years through the family line. Adam’s entry gives three figures: his age when Seth was born, the years he lived afterward, and his total lifespan. We need to distinguish those figures before adding the years.
And Adam lived one hundred and thirty years, and begot a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth. After he begot Seth, the days of Adam were eight hundred years; and he had sons and daughters. So all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years; and he died.
Genesis 5:3-5
Adam was 130 when Seth was born. We use that number to move forward in the chronology, not his entire lifespan of 930 years, because father and son were alive at the same time. Seth was 105 when Enosh was born, and Enosh was 90 when Cainan was born. Adding those three ages takes us 325 years from creation to Cainan’s birth.
The remaining ages follow the same pattern in the Masoretic Text, the traditional Hebrew text used for these Old Testament passages. Cainan was 70 when Mahalalel was born, Mahalalel was 65 at Jared’s birth, and Jared was 162 when Enoch was born.
Enoch was 65 at Methuselah’s birth, Methuselah was 187 at Lamech’s, and Lamech was 182 when Noah was born. Adding those ages to the earlier figures places Noah’s birth 1,056 years after creation.
Genesis also mentions other sons and daughters without naming them. Their omission does not make the time between the named births indefinite, because each father’s age is tied to the next birth in the line. We have been given a measure of elapsed time as well as a list of ancestors. The study on Cain’s wife considers those early family relationships.
The extraordinary lifespans recorded in this chapter did not remove the consequence of Adam’s sin. He lived 930 years and still died, and the repeated words “and he died” follow his descendants through the chapter. Enoch is the conspicuous exception because God took him. The ages tell us how the years passed, while the repeated deaths remind us what had happened to the human family.
After giving us the years up to Noah’s birth, Genesis tells us his age when the Flood began.
Noah was six hundred years old when the floodwaters were on the earth.
Genesis 7:6
Adding those 600 years to the 1,056 years before Noah’s birth puts the Flood 1,656 years after creation, using the ages supplied by the Masoretic Text.
Genesis continues dating events within Noah’s life. It records when the fountains of the great deep broke open and the windows of heaven opened, how long the waters prevailed, and when the ark came to rest. Later dates follow the receding waters until Noah’s family leaves at God’s command. His covenant with them and the nations descending from that family carry the account forward after the judgment.
I understand Genesis 6–9 as the history of a global Flood. God judged a world filled with violence, while Noah found grace in His sight and received instructions for the ark. By preserving Noah’s family, God also preserved the line of promise. The dated events connect the people before the Flood with their descendants afterward, which is part of my reason for receiving the account as history. Reducing it to an undefined moral illustration would leave those chronological connections unexplained. The study on Noah and the ark follows the judgment and rescue more fully.
From the Flood to Abraham
Genesis 11 continues the family line through Noah’s son Shem toward Abram. The first birth in the passage is dated in relation to the Flood, connecting this part of the chronology to what came before it.
This is the genealogy of Shem: Shem was one hundred years old, and begot Arphaxad two years after the flood. After he begot Arphaxad, Shem lived five hundred years, and begot sons and daughters. Arphaxad lived thirty-five years, and begot Salah.
Genesis 11:10-12
Arphaxad was born two years after the Flood. He was 35 when Salah was born, Salah was 30 at Eber’s birth, and Eber was 34 when Peleg was born.
Peleg was 30 at Reu’s birth, Reu was 32 when Serug was born, Serug was 30 at Nahor’s birth, and Nahor was 29 when Terah was born. Adding those ages and the two years after the Flood places Terah’s birth 1,878 years after creation.
Terah’s entry requires closer comparison with other passages. Genesis 11:26 says he lived seventy years and then names Abram, Nahor, and Haran. Since Abram comes first in the list, we might assume he was born when Terah was seventy. The order of the names, however, does not necessarily give us the order of the births.
Genesis says Terah died at 205 and Abram was seventy-five when he left Haran. Stephen adds that Abram moved on after his father’s death (Acts 7:4). Subtracting Abram’s seventy-five years from Terah’s 205 points to Terah being about 130 at Abram’s birth. I find that a better fit with the passages than assuming the first-named son must have been the oldest.
If Abram was born when Terah was seventy, the total from creation is about 1,948 years. Using 130 for Terah’s age gives roughly 2,008 years. I favor the second calculation, but both place Abraham about two thousand years after creation. The sixty years between those totals deserve attention; they do not create an undefined interval into which we can insert millions of years.
These totals follow the Masoretic Text. The Greek Septuagint and Samaritan Pentateuch do not always give the same patriarchal ages, so the textual basis affects a proposed creation date. I use the Masoretic Text as the Old Testament base and retain its figures. Some longer ancient readings add centuries or more than a thousand years. That can change a proposed date substantially, but the chronology still falls within thousands of years. The study on the patriarchal lifespans in the Masoretic Text and Septuagint compares those readings in more detail.
From Abraham to Christ
The ages after Abraham carry us toward Israel’s life in Egypt. Abraham was one hundred when Isaac was born, Isaac was sixty at the birth of Jacob and Esau, and Jacob was 130 when he stood before Pharaoh. From there, the history includes longer periods whose starting points need closer examination.
Exodus 12:40–41 gives 430 years in connection with Israel’s sojourning and deliverance, while Galatians 3:17 gives 430 years from the confirmed promise to the Law. Does Exodus count residence in Egypt alone, or a wider patriarchal sojourn beginning with Abraham? Interpreters differ over that question, and their answers can shift the chronology by centuries. We need to establish where the period begins before using it to calculate a creation date.
In 1 Kings, the Exodus is connected to another dated event, Solomon’s construction of the temple.
And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel had come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month of Ziv, which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD.
1 Kings 6:1
Solomon began building in his fourth year, identified here as the 480th year after the Exodus. That stated interval needs to be accounted for when we read the periods of oppression and deliverance in Judges. Some of those periods may have overlapped in different regions, so adding every period as though each began only after the previous one ended can misrepresent the total.
The records of Israel’s and Judah’s kings also date events by rulers in the neighboring kingdom. Some reigns involve a co-regency, a period of shared rule. One passage may count from the beginning of shared rule while another counts from the start of sole rule, so those dates have to be reconciled. The exile and return supply further dates to fit into the record. This requires more comparison than adding the ages at the births in Genesis.
The estimate of roughly four thousand years from creation to Christ comes from fitting that broader history together. Adding approximately two thousand years since Christ points to an earth around six thousand years old. I accept that general estimate without claiming that every disputed date has been settled. Naming a precise BC year for creation would depend on how we resolve the questions just considered.
Luke traces Jesus’ ancestry through David and Abraham, then through Noah back to Adam. Galatians says He came in the fullness of time. His life in Judea and death under Roman authority belong to the history Genesis began. The Son took real human nature to redeem the descendants of Adam whose sin and death we have been following through that record.
Scientific Models, Objections, and Biblical Authority
This chronology differs sharply from the scientific consensus. The U.S. Geological Survey gives Earth’s age as about 4.54 billion years, using radiometric dating of materials from Earth and the wider solar system. That method uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to estimate ages. Modern cosmology places the universe at about 13.8 billion years; NASA’s overview describes that chronology and the ancient light called the cosmic microwave background. These conclusions reflect extensive scientific work. Adding the ages in Genesis explains my biblical calculation, but it does not by itself answer the evidence used to reach those much older dates.
I receive Scripture as God’s inerrant Word, but my interpretation of it can be mistaken. If I misunderstand a passage, appealing to its authority will not correct the mistake. I need to examine its wording and context, just as I need to understand a scientific claim before criticizing it. I can listen to a geologist explain rock layers or an astronomer discuss distant light without pretending to know more than I do. When a technical question exceeds my training, I should acknowledge that limit.
The question for this study remains whether Genesis allows the immense ages being proposed. The gap interpretation places them between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2, before the six days begin. Genesis does not state that such an interval exists. I also find that reading difficult to reconcile with Exodus 20:11, which includes the heavens, earth, sea, and everything in them within God’s six days of creation.
The day-age interpretation makes the days themselves long eras. Yet Genesis numbers them, marks them by evening and morning, and gives that week as the pattern for Israel’s ordinary work and rest. The sequence presents a further difficulty: vegetation appears before the sun is appointed to govern the day. If each day represents an immense age, vegetation would exist for an immense period before that appointment. That reading needs an explanation the passage does not supply.
Omitted generations are another proposed way to accommodate longer ages. Matthew’s genealogy can move from an ancestor to a later descendant without stating how many years separate them. Genesis supplies a different kind of information when it tells us Arphaxad was thirty-five at Salah’s birth. I understand the figures in Genesis 5 and 11 as marking the actual time between the named births. Matthew’s omitted names do not give me a reason to set aside those stated intervals.
A young-earth position can cost a Christian intellectual respectability. I should be willing to face ridicule for what Scripture teaches without using it to excuse shoddy reasoning. Nor does disagreement give me reason to treat another person as an enemy. Paul warned that the cross itself is foolishness to those who are perishing, so approval cannot decide what I believe. I want to hold to Scripture while remaining willing to have my own reasoning corrected.
The Christ Paul preached is the eternal Son who made all things. He entered the human family whose generations we have followed, becoming fully man without ceasing to be God. Born of a virgin, He lived without sin and willingly gave Himself to be slain as the perfect sacrifice for our sins. Wicked men tortured His innocent body and killed Him. His shed blood and death completed His saving sacrifice before He was buried and rose bodily from the dead. The Father did not punish, curse, abandon, strike, bruise, or pour wrath on Jesus. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit remained united in our redemption.
Christ died for the whole world and genuinely offers salvation, although people can resist Him. Everyone who repents and believes is forgiven and justified, meaning declared righteous before God. God gives that person new birth, which is what I mean by regeneration. The Holy Spirit lives within the believer and seals him, and his eternal life is secure because Christ saves him. This assurance gives no permission to carry on in lawlessness. Calling myself a Christian does not establish that I have been born again; the new life He gives should become evident in how I live.
My Final Thoughts
The creation week and the linked generations lead me to understand the earth’s age in thousands of years, with roughly six thousand years as a reasonable estimate from the wider chronology. The questions about later dates do not erase the ages Genesis supplies. Neither do those ages settle every decision needed to name an exact BC year for creation.
If another believer reaches a different calculation, I want to compare the passages with him rather than assume he is less devoted to Christ. I can hold a firm conviction and acknowledge what I have not worked out. My confidence rests in the Creator who gave us this account and entered our history to save us. Trusting Him should make me willing to examine a difficult question carefully, without mishandling Scripture or becoming hostile toward the person asking it.
