Why are some Christians told that following Jesus requires them to keep the Sabbath and food laws God gave Israel, receive circumcision, and observe Israel’s feasts? I want to take the Hebrew setting of Scripture and the whole Old Testament seriously. But we still have to ask which covenant governs Christ’s church and whether His finished work is enough.
What Hebrew Roots Gets Right—and Where It Goes Wrong
The term Hebrew Roots Movement describes a loose network rather than one denomination. Its teachers work through ministries and online communities, as well as home fellowships, without a single headquarters or statement of faith. They disagree substantially among themselves. Some accept Paul while others resist his teaching, and their views of the Trinity and sacred names differ too. Even the calendar, Israel’s identity, and which Mosaic commands can still be practiced are disputed.
That variety means I cannot fairly assign every error to every participant. Some defend Paul’s apostleship and the deity of Christ, while others reinterpret Paul until his warnings lose their force. Some confess the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Yet at least one prominent resource rejects the truth that the one God eternally exists in three distinct Persons. Sacred-name teaching varies as well: one ministry may deny that a special pronunciation saves, while a stricter group divides fellowship over the words used for Jesus or the Lord.
Even with those disagreements, certain teachings recur across the movement. Israel’s Sabbath, food distinctions, and feasts are commonly presented as obligations for all believers. Many teachers make the Mosaic Torah the church’s covenant standard. They may also dismiss ordinary Christian words or traditions as pagan, claiming that the institutional church abandoned the faith’s true Hebrew foundation.
People can become interested in Hebrew Roots for very different reasons. Someone may simply want to understand the feasts or read Scripture in its historical setting. Another person may already regard the church as corrupt and be searching for a restored remnant with special knowledge. I want to distinguish an honest desire to learn from acceptance of the doctrinal system. Studying Jewish history or choosing a biblical custom does not place someone under Sinai. The concern begins when a teacher makes those choices God’s measure of faithfulness for everyone.
I do not confuse Hebrew Roots with Jewish people who believe in Jesus, Messianic Jewish congregations, or Christians who study biblical Hebrew. A Jewish believer may retain lawful cultural customs without trusting them for righteousness. A Gentile may learn from Passover without pretending to become Jewish. The error begins when a custom becomes a divine test that Christ and His apostles did not impose.
Hebrew Roots teachers often say the Old Testament has been neglected, and in many churches that criticism is fair. We should not read Genesis through Malachi as detached accounts from which we extract a moral lesson. God’s covenants and kingdom promises help us understand why the New Testament announces Jesus as Messiah. Israel’s priesthood, sacrifices, and feasts belong to that setting too, along with the prophetic hope.
They are also right that grace does not excuse sin. Jesus did not save people to leave them worshiping idols or practicing sexual immorality. Lying and stealing are still wrong, as is hatred of our neighbors. The Holy Spirit changes lives, and every believer remains under Christ’s authority.
The church’s shameful history of antisemitism and arrogance toward Jewish people deserves serious attention too. Paul expressly forbids Gentiles to boast over Israel. Honoring the Jewish setting of the gospel means resisting that contempt and remembering that the Messiah came through Israel according to the flesh.
Where I disagree is with the proposed cure. We do need to study Moses, but placing Gentiles under Sinai does not repair our neglect of the Old Testament. Nor does making Israel’s covenant signs a requirement for justification overcome lawlessness. And telling Gentiles that they are the real ethnic Israel does not correct antisemitism. We should acknowledge a true criticism without accepting an answer that contradicts the apostles.
The Covenant Question and the Fulfillment of the Law
In the third month after the children of Israel had gone out of the land of Egypt, on the same day, they came to the Wilderness of Sinai. For they had departed from Rephidim, had come to the Wilderness of Sinai, and camped in the wilderness. So Israel camped there before the mountain. And Moses went up to God, and the LORD called to him from the mountain, saying, "Thus you shall say to the house of Jacob, and tell the children of Israel: 'You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings and brought you to Myself. Now therefore, if you will indeed obey My voice and keep My covenant, then you shall be a special treasure to Me above all people; for all the earth is Mine. And you shall be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.' These are the words which you shall speak to the children of Israel." So Moses came and called for the elders of the people, and laid before them all these words which the LORD commanded him. Then all the people answered together and said, "All that the LORD has spoken we will do." So Moses brought back the words of the people to the LORD.
God delivered Israel from Egypt before bringing the nation to Sinai. There He made a covenant with the people He had carried to Himself. That covenant established a Levitical priesthood and a sanctuary for its sacrifices. It governed what Israel ate and how the nation observed its calendar, while also ordering civil justice in the land with stated blessings and curses. Being under the Mosaic Law therefore means belonging to that covenant order. It involves much more than agreeing that murder is wrong or that God is holy.
We need to keep the Abrahamic covenant distinct from Sinai. Before the Mosaic covenant existed, God had promised Abraham descendants from whom nations and kings would come. He had also promised land and blessing. Galatians explains that the Law came 430 years later and could not annul the earlier promise. God’s continuing purpose for Israel rests on His faithfulness to His promises, not on requiring the church to adopt every Mosaic command.
I can receive every part of the Law as inspired without treating every instruction as a direct command to me. God’s order for Levitical priests is true, although Christian pastors are not Levites. The command to build cities of refuge teaches us about justice, although the church does not administer Israel’s land. All Scripture is profitable when we read each command in its historical and covenant setting and understand its fulfillment in Christ.
Understanding the original Hebrew and Greek words helps us read these passages accurately, but we still need their context. The Hebrew torah means instruction or teaching and can refer to a particular command or to the teaching given through Moses, including the Pentateuch as a whole. Similarly, the Greek nomos may refer to the Mosaic Law or Scripture more broadly, to an individual command, or to a governing principle. The surrounding passage tells us which meaning fits and which covenant is in view.
And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, "Speak also to the children of Israel, saying: 'Surely My Sabbaths you shall keep, for it is a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, that you may know that I am the LORD who sanctifies you. You shall keep the Sabbath, therefore, for it is holy to you. Everyone who profanes it shall surely be put to death; for whoever does any work on it, that person shall be cut off from among his people. Work shall be done for six days, but the seventh is the Sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD. Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death. Therefore the children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations as a perpetual covenant. It is a sign between Me and the children of Israel forever; for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed.'"
God’s rest on the seventh day supplies the creation pattern. Yet Exodus identifies Sabbath observance specifically as a sign between the LORD and the children of Israel. Under that covenant they were to cease work on the seventh day, with death as the penalty for profaning it. If a teacher claims that covenant sign for the church, he cannot honestly detach it from the penalties and national order God gave with it.
The New Testament calls Christians to gather for worship and not forsake fellowship. It also commands honest work and wise rest, but it does not place Gentiles under Israel’s seventh-day sign. Sunday is not the Mosaic Sabbath with a new name. Observing Saturday is not a condition of salvation, holiness, or church fellowship.
A believer may set apart Saturday to the Lord as a matter of conscience. Trouble begins when that choice becomes a reason to condemn someone else. Claims that Sunday worship carries a pagan mark, or that buying ordinary necessities on Saturday proves rebellion, do more than express a personal conviction. Others make seventh-day observance the mark of a spiritually superior class. Paul does not permit any of those judgments.
What persuades me here is the covenant language in Exodus. God named the Sabbath as a sign between Himself and Israel, not simply as wise advice about rest. Before I could treat it as an unchanged obligation for the church, I would need to explain why the apostles did not impose it and why its covenant penalties no longer apply alongside it. We can gratefully receive a private day of devotion without making it a test of who belongs to Christ.
"Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets. I did not come to destroy but to fulfill. For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled. Whoever therefore breaks one of the least of these commandments, and teaches men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever does and teaches them, he shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I say to you, that unless your righteousness exceeds the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven.
Matthew 5:17-20 is the strongest passage offered in support of continuing the whole Mosaic Torah unchanged. We should take Jesus’ words seriously: He rejected the charge that His teaching destroyed the Law or the Prophets. Every part of God’s revelation will accomplish its purpose, and anyone who treats God’s commands lightly faces His rebuke.
The Greek verb pleroo means to fulfill, fill up, or bring to completion. Matthew repeatedly uses that language when an event in Jesus’ life brings Scripture to its appointed fulfillment. Jesus obeyed the Law without sin and explained it with His own authority. He also fulfilled its prophetic expectation. Through His sacrifice, He brought the covenant patterns to their intended goal in Himself.
I cannot understand fulfillment to mean that God’s earlier revelation was false or could be discarded. But neither can I make it mean that every covenant form stays unchanged. The New Testament describes a changed priesthood and a sacrifice offered once for all. It does not impose circumcision on Gentiles or allow food and calendar shadows to judge believers. With the promised better covenant established, it calls the first covenant obsolete.
Jesus was born under the Law as a Jewish man. He received circumcision, attended the temple, and kept Passover. He also told a cleansed Israelite to show himself to the priest and offer what Moses commanded. We follow the risen Lord by receiving the teaching He authorized His apostles to give the nations. If following Him meant copying every feature of His Israelite life before the cross, we would need the temple and Levitical priesthood that His completed work has surpassed.
Brethren, my heart's desire and prayer to God for Israel is that they may be saved. For I bear them witness that they have a zeal for God, but not according to knowledge. For they being ignorant of God's righteousness, and seeking to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted to the righteousness of God. For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes.
Paul grieved over Israelites who had zeal for God yet sought to establish their own righteousness instead of submitting to His. He calls Christ the telos of the Law concerning righteousness: the goal at which it culminates and its decisive end point for everyone who believes. However sincere someone’s zeal may be, it cannot replace faith in Christ. Neither can ancestry or meticulous observance.
The New and Better Covenant
"Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah– not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them, says the LORD. But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, 'Know the LORD,' for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more." Thus says the LORD, Who gives the sun for a light by day, The ordinances of the moon and the stars for a light by night, Who disturbs the sea, And its waves roar (The LORD of hosts is His name): "If those ordinances depart From before Me, says the LORD, Then the seed of Israel shall also cease From being a nation before Me forever." Thus says the LORD: "If heaven above can be measured, And the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel For all that they have done, says the LORD.
Jeremiah names the house of Israel and the house of Judah as the recipients of this promise. God says the covenant will differ from the one He made when He led their fathers out of Egypt, which they broke. He will write His law within them and forgive their iniquity, and they will know Him personally.
The difference Jeremiah describes does not mean God changed His character. He promised a covenant different from the broken Mosaic order, and Jesus identified the cup at the Last Supper as the new covenant in His blood. I want to keep both parts of that promise in view. The church presently shares its spiritual blessings through union with Israel’s Messiah, while Jeremiah’s words about the nation and God’s continuing purposes for Israel remain intact.
But now He has obtained a more excellent ministry, inasmuch as He is also Mediator of a better covenant, which was established on better promises. For if that first covenant had been faultless, then no place would have been sought for a second. Because finding fault with them, He says: "Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah– not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they did not continue in My covenant, and I disregarded them, says the LORD. For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My laws in their mind and write them on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. None of them shall teach his neighbor, and none his brother, saying, 'Know the LORD,' for all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them. For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more." In that He says, "A new covenant," He has made the first obsolete. Now what is becoming obsolete and growing old is ready to vanish away.
Hebrews quotes Jeremiah and calls the first covenant obsolete. That does not accuse the earlier covenant of being sinful or deceptive, or deny that it was inspired. It means that covenant no longer governs now that the better covenant and better Mediator have arrived. Putting the church back under Sinai would reverse the direction Scripture gives us in God’s work of redemption.
Acts 15 and Paul Reject a Mosaic Yoke for the Church
And certain men came down from Judea and taught the brethren, "Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved." Therefore, when Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and dispute with them, they determined that Paul and Barnabas and certain others of them should go up to Jerusalem, to the apostles and elders, about this question. So, being sent on their way by the church, they passed through Phoenicia and Samaria, describing the conversion of the Gentiles; and they caused great joy to all the brethren. And when they had come to Jerusalem, they were received by the church and the apostles and the elders; and they reported all things that God had done with them. But some of the sect of the Pharisees who believed rose up, saying, "It is necessary to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses." Now the apostles and elders came together to consider this matter. And when there had been much dispute, Peter rose up and said to them: "Men and brethren, you know that a good while ago God chose among us, that by my mouth the Gentiles should hear the word of the gospel and believe. So God, who knows the heart, acknowledged them by giving them the Holy Spirit, just as He did to us, and made no distinction between us and them, purifying their hearts by faith. Now therefore, why do you test God by putting a yoke on the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? But we believe that through the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ we shall be saved in the same manner as they."
Luke states the dispute twice, so we do not have to guess what the apostles were answering. Certain men said Gentiles could not be saved unless they received circumcision according to Moses. Believing Pharisees also insisted that they must be circumcised and commanded to keep the Law of Moses. The apostles did not tell Gentiles to adopt those duties gradually. Peter pointed to what God had already done: He purified Gentile hearts by faith and gave them the Holy Spirit. Both Jew and Gentile were saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ.
Peter called the proposed requirement a yoke that neither they nor their fathers had been able to bear. He was not insulting God’s holy Law. Israel’s history had shown that external commands could expose and restrain sin but could not create the faithful heart those commands required. God had already received the Gentiles through faith. Insisting that they now enter the Mosaic covenant would test Him.
Then it pleased the apostles and elders, with the whole church, to send chosen men of their own company to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas, namely, Judas who was also named Barsabas, and Silas, leading men among the brethren. They wrote this letter by them: The apostles, the elders, and the brethren, To the brethren who are of the Gentiles in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia: Greetings. Since we have heard that some who went out from us have troubled you with words, unsettling your souls, saying, "You must be circumcised and keep the law"–to whom we gave no such commandment– it seemed good to us, being assembled with one accord, to send chosen men to you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, men who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. We have therefore sent Judas and Silas, who will also report the same things by word of mouth. For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit, and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things: that you abstain from things offered to idols, from blood, from things strangled, and from sexual immorality. If you keep yourselves from these, you will do well. Farewell.
The letter, given under the Spirit’s direction, says the troubling teachers had received no authorization. It then states, “to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things.” Gentile believers were to abstain from idolatrous pollution and sexual immorality, as well as things strangled and blood. Those instructions upheld holiness and protected fellowship at the table between Jewish and Gentile Christians in a world filled with pagan worship. Grace did not make obedience unnecessary.
The apostles were answering a demand for circumcision and obedience to Moses. If they meant Gentiles to keep the Sabbath, follow clean-meat rules, wear tassels, and observe the feasts, this letter could have said so. None of those duties appears in their answer. That absence is especially significant because Hebrew Roots teaching reopens the very controversy they were resolving.
One common reply is that the four instructions were only starter rules. Because Moses was read in synagogues every Sabbath, verse 21 is then taken to mean that Gentile converts would attend synagogue and learn the rest of Torah over time.
But verse 21 never commands that program. James explains that Moses had long been proclaimed in every city. With Jewish communities so widespread, practices associated with pagan worship, blood, and sexual immorality threatened both holiness and fellowship. I cannot turn “no greater burden” into “the remaining burden will arrive later.” Doing so would make an inference carry the opposite answer from the one the inspired letter actually gives.
Paul’s decisions about Titus and Timothy help us see the difference. He refused to circumcise Titus when false brothers made the act a threat to gospel liberty. Yet he circumcised Timothy, whose mother was Jewish, so Timothy could minister among Jews who knew his family. We have to ask what the act meant in each case. Voluntary accommodation is lawful and can serve love. Doctrinal compulsion is not lawful, and yielding to it can surrender the gospel.
Therefore, beloved, looking forward to these things, be diligent to be found by Him in peace, without spot and blameless; and consider that the longsuffering of our Lord is salvation–as also our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given to him, has written to you, as also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things, in which are some things hard to understand, which untaught and unstable people twist to their own destruction, as they do also the rest of the Scriptures. You therefore, beloved, since you know this beforehand, beware lest you also fall from your own steadfastness, being led away with the error of the wicked; but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To Him be the glory both now and forever. Amen.
Some Hebrew Roots teachers openly reject Paul. Others say Christians have misunderstood every passage that appears to free believers from Mosaic covenant obligation. Peter acknowledges that Paul wrote difficult things, while placing his letters with “the rest of the Scriptures.” That calls for patient interpretation. I cannot remove Paul from the canon or decide in advance that his words must never release believers from the obligation he is discussing.
Paul did not hate the Law or Jewish people. He called the Law holy and spiritual, as well as just and good. His circumcision of Timothy allowed access for ministry, and at other times he took Jewish vows or adapted to Jewish customs. Yet he plainly said he was not under the Law. He refused compulsory circumcision and confronted Peter for withdrawing from Gentile believers. Food and calendar shadows, he taught, could not determine a Christian’s standing.
Those actions fit together when we distinguish voluntary covenant practices from justification. Paul could honor his heritage and accommodate Jewish customs without making Sinai the covenant basis on which he or Gentiles became righteous before God.
We who are Jews by nature, and not sinners of the Gentiles, knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but by faith in Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Christ Jesus, that we might be justified by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law; for by the works of the law no flesh shall be justified. "But if, while we seek to be justified by Christ, we ourselves also are found sinners, is Christ therefore a minister of sin? Certainly not! For if I build again those things which I destroyed, I make myself a transgressor. For I through the law died to the law that I might live to God. I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me. I do not set aside the grace of God; for if righteousness comes through the law, then Christ died in vain."
Galatians does not oppose effort in general or obedience to Jesus. Paul opposed teachers who made Mosaic identity and works of law necessary for full covenant standing. Peter already knew Gentile believers were accepted through Christ. Yet when men associated with James arrived, fear led him to withdraw from their table. His conduct implied that those Gentiles were still unclean unless they lived as Jews.
Paul brought that conduct back to the question of justification, God’s declaration that a believer is righteous in Christ. No sinner receives that verdict through works of law, since no sinner has obeyed perfectly. I cannot treat the cross as one contribution to my righteousness and expect to complete it through circumcision, calendar observance, or food discipline. If righteousness comes through law, then Christ died in vain.
What purpose then does the law serve? It was added because of transgressions, till the Seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was appointed through angels by the hand of a mediator. Now a mediator does not mediate for one only, but God is one. Is the law then against the promises of God? Certainly not! For if there had been a law given which could have given life, truly righteousness would have been by the law. But the Scripture has confined all under sin, that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. But before faith came, we were kept under guard by the law, kept for the faith which would afterward be revealed. Therefore the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor. For you are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise.
Paul says the Law was added because of transgressions “till the Seed should come.” It guarded a particular stage in covenant history and directed Israel toward Christ. His Greek word paidagogos describes a household custodian who supervised a child until maturity. That helps us understand why Paul gives this role an ending. He is not picturing a modern teacher whose lessons continue under the same arrangement forever.
With the coming of Christ, the promised order of life through faith has arrived, and God’s people are no longer under that custodian. Gentiles become Abraham’s children and heirs according to the promise through faith in Christ. They do not first have to become Jews or enter the Mosaic covenant.
Stand fast therefore in the liberty by which Christ has made us free, and do not be entangled again with a yoke of bondage. Indeed I, Paul, say to you that if you become circumcised, Christ will profit you nothing. And I testify again to every man who becomes circumcised that he is a debtor to keep the whole law. You have become estranged from Christ, you who attempt to be justified by law; you have fallen from grace. For we through the Spirit eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness by faith. For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision avails anything, but faith working through love.
Paul is addressing the person who receives circumcision as a necessary covenant obligation for justification. That person takes on responsibility to keep the whole Law. The danger cannot be the physical condition, because Paul himself was circumcised and Timothy received the sign too. It lies in the false claim that the act is necessary to save.
Being “fallen from grace” here means leaving grace as the basis of justification and seeking righteousness through law. Paul is warning professing believers away from a teaching that corrupts the gospel, directing them instead to faith working through love. He is not teaching that a truly born-again person becomes unborn or that the Spirit’s seal fails.
Christian Obedience Does Not Put Us Back Under Sinai
My little children, let us not love in word or in tongue, but in deed and in truth. And by this we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before Him. For if our heart condemns us, God is greater than our heart, and knows all things. Beloved, if our heart does not condemn us, we have confidence toward God. And whatever we ask we receive from Him, because we keep His commandments and do those things that are pleasing in His sight. And this is His commandment: that we should believe on the name of His Son Jesus Christ and love one another, as He gave us commandment. Now he who keeps His commandments abides in Him, and He in him. And by this we know that He abides in us, by the Spirit whom He has given us.
Hebrew Roots advocates often quote 1 John 3:4: “sin is lawlessness.” The Greek anomia does mean lawlessness, but the verse does not define sin as failure to keep every statute given to Israel. We also need to hear how John explains God’s command within the new covenant: believe on the name of His Son Jesus Christ and love one another. His letter condemns hatred and deception, along with worldliness and denial of Christ. Reading the word in that setting helps us understand his warning honestly and accurately.
Christians are under the law of Christ. Jesus and His apostles forbid falsehood and sexual sin, while commanding generosity and forgiveness. They uphold faithfulness in marriage and call Christ’s people to care for the vulnerable and love their enemies. That obedience should shape a life of holiness. It does not put the church back under Sinai, because many moral truths revealed through Moses rest in God’s character and creation order. The New Testament reaffirms those truths for believers.
Obedience is necessary as the fruit of genuine faith, but we do not buy acceptance with it. The Holy Spirit lives in believers and produces holy fruit as He teaches them to reject sin. We must not use eternal security to shelter lawlessness or assure someone of salvation on the basis of an empty profession with no new life.
We do not have to choose between Torah observance and moral chaos. Scripture teaches that salvation comes by grace and that believers receive new life through the Spirit. Joyful obedience grows from that life under the authority of the risen Christ.
Beware lest anyone cheat you through philosophy and empty deceit, according to the tradition of men, according to the basic principles of the world, and not according to Christ. For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily; and you are complete in Him, who is the head of all principality and power. In Him you were also circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, by putting off the body of the sins of the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ, buried with Him in baptism, in which you also were raised with Him through faith in the working of God, who raised Him from the dead. And you, being dead in your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh, He has made alive together with Him, having forgiven you all trespasses, having wiped out the handwriting of requirements that was against us, which was contrary to us. And He has taken it out of the way, having nailed it to the cross. Having disarmed principalities and powers, He made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them in it. So let no one judge you in food or in drink, or regarding a festival or a new moon or sabbaths, which are a shadow of things to come, but the substance is of Christ. Let no one cheat you of your reward, taking delight in false humility and worship of angels, intruding into those things which he has not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind, and not holding fast to the Head, from whom all the body, nourished and knit together by joints and ligaments, grows with the increase that is from God. Therefore, if you died with Christ from the basic principles of the world, why, as though living in the world, do you subject yourselves to regulations– "Do not touch, do not taste, do not handle," which all concern things which perish with the using–according to the commandments and doctrines of men? These things indeed have an appearance of wisdom in self-imposed religion, false humility, and neglect of the body, but are of no value against the indulgence of the flesh.
Paul begins with who Christ is and what He has done for believers. The eternal Son is fully divine, and they are complete in Him. Their spiritual circumcision is made without hands. God makes them alive and forgives their trespasses, triumphing over hostile powers through Christ.
Because they belong to Christ, no one may judge them over food or drink, or over festivals, new moons, and Sabbaths. Those observances follow the annual, monthly, and weekly calendar. Paul describes them as a shadow of what was coming, with the substance belonging to Christ. I do not read that as calling the shadows evil. He is refusing to let them become grounds for condemning those who belong to the One they foreshadowed.
Colossians also rejects human rules that demand harsh treatment of the body. Someone can look humble and disciplined without overcoming fleshly pride. I need to ask what my observance is doing if Hebrew vocabulary or a restricted menu gives me a reason to exalt myself. A carefully calculated calendar can become the same kind of religious badge.
Therefore, if perfection were through the Levitical priesthood (for under it the people received the law), what further need was there that another priest should rise according to the order of Melchizedek, and not be called according to the order of Aaron? For the priesthood being changed, of necessity there is also a change of the law. For He of whom these things are spoken belongs to another tribe, from which no man has officiated at the altar. For it is evident that our Lord arose from Judah, of which tribe Moses spoke nothing concerning priesthood. And it is yet far more evident if, in the likeness of Melchizedek, there arises another priest who has come, not according to the law of a fleshly commandment, but according to the power of an endless life. For He testifies: "You are a priest forever According to the order of Melchizedek." For on the one hand there is an annulling of the former commandment because of its weakness and unprofitableness, for the law made nothing perfect; on the other hand, there is the bringing in of a better hope, through which we draw near to God.
Paul, writing Hebrews, presents Jesus as the permanent priest according to the order of Melchizedek. He did not take His place as another temporary human officeholder. Melchizedek is Christ appearing before His incarnation, an appearance we call a Christophany. The passage reveals the eternal Son as the superior priest and explains that a change in priesthood necessarily brings a change of law.
That change of law rules out an unchanged Mosaic administration. The Levitical command could not bring perfection, whereas Christ brings a better hope through which believers draw near to God.
For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with these same sacrifices, which they offer continually year by year, make those who approach perfect. For then would they not have ceased to be offered? For the worshipers, once purified, would have had no more consciousness of sins. But in those sacrifices there is a reminder of sins every year. For it is not possible that the blood of bulls and goats could take away sins. Therefore, when He came into the world, He said: "Sacrifice and offering You did not desire, But a body You have prepared for Me. In burnt offerings and sacrifices for sin You had no pleasure. Then I said, 'Behold, I have come– In the volume of the book it is written of Me– To do Your will, O God.'" Previously saying, "Sacrifice and offering, burnt offerings, and offerings for sin You did not desire, nor had pleasure in them" (which are offered according to the law), then He said, "Behold, I have come to do Your will, O God." He takes away the first that He may establish the second. By that will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. And every priest stands ministering daily and offering repeatedly the same sacrifices, which can never take away sins. But this Man, after He had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down at the right hand of God, from that time waiting till His enemies are made His footstool. For by one offering He has perfected forever those who are being sanctified.
The repeated animal offerings testified that final cleansing had not yet arrived. Jesus, however, offered His body once for all and perfected forever those who are being sanctified. Studying the sacrifices helps us understand the cost and sufficiency of His work. Returning to them as continuing covenant duties would fail to recognize what His offering has accomplished.
Receive one who is weak in the faith, but not to disputes over doubtful things. For one believes he may eat all things, but he who is weak eats only vegetables. Let not him who eats despise him who does not eat, and let not him who does not eat judge him who eats; for God has received him. Who are you to judge another's servant? To his own master he stands or falls. Indeed, he will be made to stand, for God is able to make him stand. One person esteems one day above another; another esteems every day alike. Let each be fully convinced in his own mind. He who observes the day, observes it to the Lord; and he who does not observe the day, to the Lord he does not observe it. He who eats, eats to the Lord, for he gives God thanks; and he who does not eat, to the Lord he does not eat, and gives God thanks. For none of us lives to himself, and no one dies to himself. For if we live, we live to the Lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord. Therefore, whether we live or die, we are the Lord's. For to this end Christ died and rose and lived again, that He might be Lord of both the dead and the living. But why do you judge your brother? Or why do you show contempt for your brother? For we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. For it is written: "As I live, says the LORD, Every knee shall bow to Me, And every tongue shall confess to God." So then each of us shall give account of himself to God. Therefore let us not judge one another anymore, but rather resolve this, not to put a stumbling block or a cause to fall in our brother's way.
Romans 14 allows different conscientious decisions about food and days. A believer who eats broadly and one who restricts his diet can both act toward the Lord. So can someone who sets apart a day and someone who esteems every day alike. Each must act toward the Lord, and neither may despise or judge the other for that decision.
Christian liberty has boundaries because freedom never authorizes idolatry or conduct Scripture calls immoral. A believer may not turn a private discipline into a means of justification. He also may not ridicule a Jewish believer who honors a biblical feast as part of family heritage or a Gentile who finds educational value in a Passover presentation.
Israel’s feasts still give us rich biblical instruction. Passover helps us understand redemption through the Lamb’s blood, while firstfruits helps explain Christ’s bodily resurrection. Pentecost provides the setting for the Spirit’s public outpouring. In the Day of Atonement we see our need for cleansing and a sufficient High Priest. We can learn from all of those connections without putting the church under Israel’s calendar.
The same liberty applies to food. A Christian may avoid pork for preference, culture, or health judgment, but he may not declare another believer unclean before God for receiving food with thanksgiving. 1 Timothy warns against teachers who command abstinence from foods God created to be received with thanksgiving.
To understand the promised rest in Hebrews 4, we need more than the slogan “Jesus is our Sabbath.” The chapter connects God’s creation rest with Israel’s failure to enter through unbelief. It also speaks of the continuing invitation to enter by faith and of a future rest for God’s people. Christ is central to that rest. Yet the passage neither renames Sunday nor commands Gentiles to observe Saturday.
Israel, Hebrew Names, and the Biblical Christ
I say then, have they stumbled that they should fall? Certainly not! But through their fall, to provoke them to jealousy, salvation has come to the Gentiles. Now if their fall is riches for the world, and their failure riches for the Gentiles, how much more their fullness! For I speak to you Gentiles; inasmuch as I am an apostle to the Gentiles, I magnify my ministry, if by any means I may provoke to jealousy those who are my flesh and save some of them. For if their being cast away is the reconciling of the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? For if the firstfruit is holy, the lump is also holy; and if the root is holy, so are the branches. And if some of the branches were broken off, and you, being a wild olive tree, were grafted in among them, and with them became a partaker of the root and fatness of the olive tree, do not boast against the branches. But if you do boast, remember that you do not support the root, but the root supports you. You will say then, "Branches were broken off that I might be grafted in." Well said. Because of unbelief they were broken off, and you stand by faith. Do not be haughty, but fear. For if God did not spare the natural branches, He may not spare you either. Therefore consider the goodness and severity of God: on those who fell, severity; but toward you, goodness, if you continue in His goodness. Otherwise you also will be cut off. And they also, if they do not continue in unbelief, will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. For if you were cut out of the olive tree which is wild by nature, and were grafted contrary to nature into a cultivated olive tree, how much more will these, who are natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree?
In Romans 11, Gentiles are wild branches grafted among the natural branches to share the nourishment of the root. Their place depends on faith, not superiority, so they have no grounds to boast. Jewish unbelief is tragic, and Jewish people need the same Messiah. But God has neither cast away His people nor canceled His national promises.
Being grafted into the olive tree does not make a Gentile a physical descendant of Jacob. Paul still distinguishes natural branches from Gentile branches. He warns the Gentiles and anticipates natural branches being grafted in again through faith. Later in the chapter he describes Israel’s hardening as partial and God’s gifts and calling as irrevocable. The Deliverer will turn ungodliness away from Jacob.
Ephesians 2 celebrates one new man and equal access to the Father through Christ. We should be able to affirm that shared salvation without erasing every historical identity. The church does not replace Israel or become a renewed Sinai nation. When a Hebrew Roots system assigns Gentile believers to alleged lost tribes or calls them the only true Israel, it repeats the arrogance Paul forbids.
Love for Jewish people should lead Christians to oppose antisemitism and support honest gospel witness. We can rejoice when a Jewish person receives Jesus as Messiah without treating unbelief as salvation in the name of respect. Faithfulness to the gospel never requires contempt.
The Hebrew or Aramaic form Yeshua has a meaningful historical connection to Jesus’ name. Similarly, Messiah and Christ identify God’s Anointed One using Hebrew and Greek vocabulary. Learning what these words mean can enrich our understanding, but it does not introduce us to a different Savior.
The New Testament was preserved in Greek in the received textual tradition, and its inspired writers used Greek forms for names and titles. The English name Jesus did not come from the pagan god Zeus; similar sounds do not establish a shared origin. If a teacher makes salvation or valid prayer depend on one modern reconstruction of Hebrew pronunciation, he adds a condition Scripture never gives.
The command not to take the Lord’s name in vain concerns bearing and using His name falsely. It does not require every language to reproduce one disputed pronunciation. God hears believers who call upon the biblical Jesus in their own language. Sacred-name teaching becomes spiritually abusive when it divides fellowship over that demand or cultivates secret knowledge. It can leave frightened believers wondering whether God rejects their prayers because of how they pronounce His name.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made. In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it. There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. This man came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all through him might believe. He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. That was the true Light which gives light to every man coming into the world. He was in the world, and the world was made through Him, and the world did not know Him. He came to His own, and His own did not receive Him. But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, to those who believe in His name: who were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.
Jesus did not begin as a created Torah teacher and later rise to an exalted position. He is the eternal Word who was with God and was God. All things were made through Him, and He became flesh. The One we know as Jesus is fully God and fully man, born of a virgin and completely sinless.
The Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God. They are distinct divine Persons, yet there is one God. Disciples are baptized into the singular name belonging to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. I cannot dismiss the Trinity as a pagan Greek corruption without contradicting the whole witness of Scripture. Doing so would not restore Hebrew faith.
Some who use the Hebrew Roots label confess these truths, and others deny them. With no common authority structure in the movement, we have to examine what an actual ministry teaches. Words such as Yeshua, Torah, or Hebraic cannot assure us that its doctrine is sound. Making the Son a creature or denying His true humanity goes far beyond a calendar disagreement. So does rejecting the divine Person of the Holy Spirit or abandoning God’s triune identity. Those teachings deny God.
For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast. For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them. Therefore remember that you, once Gentiles in the flesh–who are called Uncircumcision by what is called the Circumcision made in the flesh by hands– that at that time you were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ. For He Himself is our peace, who has made both one, and has broken down the middle wall of separation, having abolished in His flesh the enmity, that is, the law of commandments contained in ordinances, so as to create in Himself one new man from the two, thus making peace, and that He might reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby putting to death the enmity. And He came and preached peace to you who were afar off and to those who were near. For through Him we both have access by one Spirit to the Father.
Salvation is God’s gift, received through faith and never earned through works. Yet this same passage says believers are created in Christ Jesus for good works. I need to keep that order clear: grace gives us new life, and good works grow from it. The fruit of that life cannot become its cause.
Jesus is the eternal Son who became truly human. Wicked men physically tortured and punished Him, then killed Him. He willingly bore that real punishment for our sins in His innocent body. He shed His blood and died, was buried, and rose bodily. The Father did not punish or curse Jesus, nor did He abandon Him. He did not strike or bruise Him or pour wrath on Him.
Christ died for the whole world, and God’s offer of salvation is genuine even though people can resist and reject Him. Everyone who repents and believes in Jesus is forgiven and justified. They are born again as a new creation, indwelt and sealed by the Holy Spirit, and eternally secure. His blood supplies all the cleansing they need. Sabbath and feast observance cannot add to it, nor can food rules or circumcision. A Hebrew name or a human tradition has no cleansing to contribute either.
That gospel also overcomes hostility between Jewish and Gentile believers. Christ’s blood brings near the Gentiles who were far off, and both receive equal access to the Father by one Spirit. They find their unity in Christ. Gentiles do not have to become culturally Jewish, and Jewish believers do not have to despise their ancestry.
Someone drawn to Hebrew Roots teaching may sincerely revere Scripture or be frustrated with shallow churches. Love for Israel or a desire for holiness may also draw him in. If I treat that person as foolish, I may drive him deeper into a community that promises serious Bible study. I would rather affirm what is true in those concerns and then open the passages the system needs to answer.
We can begin by asking what makes a sinner righteous before God. Then consider which covenant was made at Sinai and whom God made it with. Those questions help us examine why the apostles declined to place the Mosaic yoke on Gentiles. If Acts 15 intended gradual Torah submission, why does its letter say “no greater burden”? The change of priesthood and law in Hebrews also needs an answer from anyone claiming the Mosaic administration remains unchanged. And we should ask whether a teacher allows Romans 14 and Colossians 2 to say what their contexts say.
The teacher’s understanding of authority and Christ needs examination too. Does he receive Paul’s letters as fully inspired Scripture and confess Jesus as the eternal, uncreated Son, fully God and fully man? Does he recognize the Holy Spirit as a divine Person? We also need to know whether he makes salvation depend in any way on circumcision or calendar observance, food or Hebrew pronunciation, or identification as Israel. Finally, does his fellowship condemn believers whom the apostles received?
I think a person leaving legalism needs steady care. Giving up a system of rules can feel like losing a community as well as a sense of identity and certainty. I would encourage that person to keep studying the whole Bible and participate in a sound local church. Ordinary prayer in the name of Jesus belongs in that life too, while he patiently relearns obedience as a grateful response to grace.
Rejecting Torah obligation does not make holiness optional. The believer remains Christ’s servant and walks by the Spirit, loving the brethren and confessing sin honestly. Our freedom is the liberty to serve God without trying to purchase the acceptance Christ has already secured.
For fuller treatment, see The Law, which follows the Mosaic covenant from Sinai to its fulfillment in Christ; Legalism, which distinguishes obedience from attempts to earn or police righteousness; and The Feasts of the Lord, which examines Israel’s appointed times and their Christ-centered meaning.
Because Hebrew Roots is decentralized, the descriptions in this study were checked against the movement-authored Hebrew Roots of Christianity overview and its separate Trinity position, the Hebrew Roots ministry overview, and the TorahResource One Law page. Those sources document differing claims about universal Torah observance, Acts 15, Paul, Israel, sacred names, and the Trinity. They represent viewpoints rather than determine Unforsaken theology, because Scripture remains the final authority.
My Final Thoughts
I believe the Hebrew Roots Movement raises questions churches should take seriously, but its common answer leads believers in the wrong direction. The whole Bible leads us to Jesus Christ rather than back under the covenant Israel received at Sinai. His permanent priesthood and once-for-all offering have established the new covenant. No missing righteousness remains for Sabbath or feast observance to supply, or for food rules, circumcision, or Hebrew pronunciation to complete. Jewish and Gentile believers stand together by faith without erasing Israel or making Gentiles ethnic Jews. We should study Moses deeply and honor the Jewish setting of the gospel, refusing antisemitism as we obey our risen Lord. Our hope rests completely in His shed blood and the bodily resurrection that secured it.