| Covenant | Scripture Reference | Parties Involved | Key Promises | Sign | Fulfillment in Christ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noahic | Genesis 9:8–17 | God and all creation | Never again destroy the earth by flood; stability of creation | Rainbow | World preserved for redemption; judgment reserved for fire (2 Peter 3:7) |
| Abrahamic | Genesis 12, 15, 17 | God and Abraham (and his descendants) | Land, descendants, blessing to all nations | Circumcision | Christ as Abraham’s Seed (Galatians 3:16) |
| Mosaic | Exodus 19–24 | God and Israel | Israel as a holy nation; blessings for obedience, curses for disobedience | Sabbath | Christ fulfills the Law (Matthew 5:17) |
| Davidic | 2 Samuel 7; 1 Chronicles 17 | God and David (and his descendants) | Eternal dynasty and throne from David’s line | Davidic throne | Christ reigns as eternal King (Luke 1:32–33) |
| New Covenant | Jeremiah 31:31–34; Luke 22:20 | God and all who believe in Christ | Forgiveness of sins, new heart, Spirit, eternal inheritance | Lord’s Supper (cup) | Christ is Mediator of the New Covenant (Hebrews 9:15) |
Understanding the Covenants
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