The book of Hebrews stands as one of the most profound and theologically rich books in the New Testament. However, it also carries with it an age-old question: who wrote it? While the text itself does not provide a definitive answer, various theories and scholarly debates have proposed authors such as Barnabas, Apollos, Luke, and even Priscilla. Among these, the strongest argument points to Paul as the author. Let’s delve into the evidence that supports Paul’s authorship of Hebrews.
The Early Church’s Perspective
The early Church provides an essential starting point for examining the authorship of Hebrews. While there was no unanimous agreement, many Church Fathers and scholars from the early centuries believed Paul wrote Hebrews. Clement of Alexandria, Eusebius, and even Augustine acknowledged a Pauline association, albeit with varying degrees of certainty. The Eastern Church, in particular, leaned heavily towards Paul as the author, which influenced the inclusion of Hebrews in the canon under Pauline authorship.
Stylistic and Thematic Similarities
Critics often argue that the writing style of Hebrews differs significantly from Paul’s other epistles. While it is true that the Greek in Hebrews is more refined and rhetorical than what we typically see in Paul’s letters, there are valid explanations for this discrepancy:
- Audience and Purpose: Hebrews was written to Jewish believers who were familiar with the Old Testament and needed encouragement to stay faithful to Christ amid persecution. This audience required a different approach compared to Paul’s other letters, which were often addressed to Gentile churches or specific individuals. The elevated language and deep theological expositions in Hebrews suggest an author who wanted to communicate on a scholarly level.
- Possible Use of an Amanuensis: Paul’s use of amanuenses (scribes) is well-documented (Romans 16:22). It is possible that Paul employed a different scribe for Hebrews who influenced the stylistic nuances of the text. This could explain why the Greek in Hebrews is more polished.
- Theological Consistency: Despite stylistic differences, Hebrews shares key theological themes with Paul’s known letters. These include:
- The Supremacy of Christ: Hebrews extensively discusses Christ’s superiority over angels, Moses, and the Levitical priesthood (Hebrews 1-10). This focus aligns with Paul’s teachings in Colossians 1:15-20 and Philippians 2:6-11, where he emphasizes the preeminence of Christ.
- Justification by Faith: While Hebrews approaches faith from the perspective of perseverance and endurance (Hebrews 11), it echoes Paul’s teachings on faith as the means of justification (Romans 4:1-25; Galatians 3:6-14).
- Sacrificial Language: Paul frequently uses sacrificial imagery to describe Christ’s atoning work (Ephesians 5:2, 1 Corinthians 5:7). Hebrews, in particular, elaborates on Christ as the ultimate sacrifice, fulfilling the Old Covenant system—a theme central to Pauline theology.
The Reference to Timothy
One of the most compelling pieces of internal evidence for Paul’s authorship is found in Hebrews 13:23, which states, “Know that our brother Timothy has been set free, with whom I shall see you if he comes shortly.” Timothy was a close associate and protégé of Paul, frequently mentioned in Paul’s letters (1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, 1 Thessalonians 3:2). This mention of Timothy strongly suggests a connection to Paul or someone within Paul’s immediate circle.
Absence of Paul’s Name
The primary argument against Pauline authorship is the absence of Paul’s customary self-identification. In all of Paul’s known letters, he begins by stating his name and position as an apostle. However, the absence of his name in Hebrews can be explained by considering the potential stigma associated with his apostleship among Jewish audiences. Paul was a controversial figure to some in the Jewish community due to his mission to the Gentiles (Acts 22:21-22). By leaving his name out, Paul could have ensured that Jewish readers would approach the letter without prejudice, focusing solely on its content.
Historical and Scholarly Support
Many respected scholars throughout history have supported the Pauline authorship of Hebrews:
- Origen (3rd century) famously said, “Who wrote the Epistle, God only knows certainly,” but he also suggested that the thoughts reflected Paul’s theology, though the language might not be directly his.
- Clement of Alexandria believed that Paul wrote Hebrews in Hebrew and that Luke translated it into Greek, which could account for the stylistic differences while maintaining Pauline theology.
Counterarguments and Rebuttals
- Argument of Dissimilar Style: As mentioned, Hebrews is written in a higher form of Greek, which some claim disqualifies Paul. However, this could be attributed to an amanuensis, a unique purpose, or even Paul adapting his style for a Jewish audience.
- Absence of Personal Details: Hebrews lacks some of the personal touches found in Paul’s other letters. This can be explained by the intended audience and the formal, sermon-like nature of the text. Hebrews reads more like a theological homily intended to be shared among Jewish congregations.
A Unique Letter for a Unique Audience
It’s crucial to remember that Hebrews is unlike any other letter in the New Testament. It functions more as a theological treatise and exhortation than a traditional epistle. The content aims to affirm the superiority of Christ and strengthen the faith of Jewish Christians under pressure to revert to traditional Judaism. The deep use of Old Testament references, from Melchizedek (Hebrews 7) to the priestly rituals (Hebrews 9), speaks to an author who had an expert understanding of both Jewish customs and the fulfillment of these in Christ—qualities that Paul possessed.
My Final Thoughts
While the true authorship of Hebrews may remain a mystery this side of heaven, the evidence supporting Paul as the author is compelling. The theological consistency, the mention of Timothy, the style adaptable for its audience, and the historical views of early Church leaders all point toward Paul. Hebrews may not start with Paul’s name, but its content reflects his deep knowledge of the Old Testament, passion for Christ’s supremacy, and commitment to encouraging believers to persevere in faith.
Until the day we know for sure, the Epistle to the Hebrews remains a testament to God’s revelation and a powerful encouragement for believers. Whether penned by Paul or another, its teachings call us to endure, run the race with perseverance, and fix our eyes on Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith (Hebrews 12:1-2).
