Kings of Israel and Judah

Follow the rulers of both kingdoms, with biblical reign lengths and carefully qualified dates.

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Kings and rulers: complete reference

3 united-monarchy kings, 19 northern kings, 20 southern rulers including Athaliah, and 2 separately identified rivals. BC dates are reconstructions, not verse quotations.

Kings and rulers: complete reference
Ruler	Kingdom / status	Reign in Scripture	Approximate dates
Saul	United monarchy	40 years in Acts 13:21	c.1050–1010 BC in a traditional 40-year reconstruction
Saul Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 1 House / relationship House of Saul; tribe of Benjamin What Scripture says Chosen and equipped for kingship, but rejected as king for disobedience; his death is associated with unfaithfulness in Chronicles Scripture references 1 Samuel 9-15; 1 Samuel 18-26; 1 Samuel 28; 1 Samuel 31; 2 Samuel 2:8-10; 1 Chronicles 10:13-14; Acts 13:21 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated in the NKJV How the ruler came to power Anointed by Samuel; publicly selected and later confirmed after victory over Ammon Major actions and events Saul delivered Jabesh Gilead and fought against Israel's enemies. He later disobeyed the Lord's commands and repeatedly pursued David, whom God had chosen to succeed him. Named servants / prophetic setting Samuel; David End of reign / later outcome Saul died by falling on his sword in battle. Three of his sons died there as well; Ishbosheth survived and later ruled. Keep in mind The NKJV does not state Saul's age when he became king. Acts 13:21 gives forty years for his kingship; the wording of 1 Samuel 13:1 should not be turned into an invented accession age. Scripture references 1 Samuel 9-15; 1 Samuel 18-26; 1 Samuel 28; 1 Samuel 31; 2 Samuel 2:8-10; 1 Chronicles 10:13-14; Acts 13:21 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
David	United monarchy	40 years; Hebron 7 years 6 months and Jerusalem 33 years	c.1010–971 BC
David Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 2 House / relationship House of David; tribe of Judah What Scripture says Presented as the standard of wholehearted covenant loyalty, without concealing adultery, murder, and their consequences Scripture references 1 Samuel 16:1-13; 2 Samuel 2:1-11; 2 Samuel 5-7; 2 Samuel 11-20; 2 Samuel 24; 1 Kings 1-2; 1 Kings 15:5 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 30 years How the ruler came to power Anointed before Saul's death; first ruled Judah, then all Israel Major actions and events David captured Jerusalem and brought the ark there. God promised to establish his house, but David's adultery and the killing of Uriah brought grievous consequences within his family and kingdom. The account also records his repentance rather than concealing his guilt. Named servants / prophetic setting Samuel; Nathan; Gad End of reign / later outcome Died after arranging Solomon's succession Keep in mind David first ruled Judah from Hebron and later ruled all Israel from Jerusalem. Scripture gives forty years as the overall figure while also recording seven years and six months at Hebron and thirty-three years at Jerusalem; these statements should remain visible rather than be reduced to an exact modern calculation. Scripture references 1 Samuel 16:1-13; 2 Samuel 2:1-11; 2 Samuel 5-7; 2 Samuel 11-20; 2 Samuel 24; 1 Kings 1-2; 1 Kings 15:5 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Solomon	United monarchy	40 years	c.971–931 BC
Solomon Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 3 House / relationship House of David; David's son What Scripture says Loved the LORD early in his reign, but his heart turned after other gods; division of the kingdom was announced Scripture references 1 Kings 1–11; 2 Chronicles 1–9 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Chosen and crowned during David's lifetime amid Adonijah's competing claim Major actions and events Solomon received wisdom from God and built the temple in Jerusalem. His kingdom became wealthy, but his many foreign wives eventually turned his heart toward other gods. The Lord announced that most of the kingdom would be taken from his son. Named servants / prophetic setting Nathan; Ahijah; the LORD's appearances to Solomon End of reign / later outcome Died and was succeeded by Rehoboam Keep in mind Scripture describes Solomon as young but does not give his accession age. The kingdom divided after his death, so he should not also be counted as a separate king in the northern succession. Scripture references 1 Kings 1–11; 2 Chronicles 1–9 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ishbosheth	Rival to David	2 years	After Saul's death; exact calendar placement uncertain
Ishbosheth Link to this entry House / relationship House of Saul; Saul's son What Scripture says The narrative supplies no standard Kings-style moral verdict; his rule stood against David's emerging kingdom Scripture references 2 Samuel 2:8-11; 2 Samuel 3–4 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 40 years How the ruler came to power Established by Abner over much of Israel while David ruled Judah Major actions and events Abner established Ishbosheth as king while David ruled Judah. Conflict between the two houses continued, and Ishbosheth's accusation concerning Rizpah led Abner to turn toward David. Named servants / prophetic setting Abner; David End of reign / later outcome Murdered by Rechab and Baanah; David executed the killers Keep in mind Ishbosheth's two-year reign and David's seven years and six months at Hebron are not presented as identical periods. The narrative does not date every transition, so a complete calendar for the overlap would require reconstruction. Scripture references 2 Samuel 2:8-11; 2 Samuel 3–4 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jeroboam I	Israel: northern kingdom	22 years	c.931/930–911/910 BC
Jeroboam I Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 1 House / relationship House of Jeroboam; son of Nebat What Scripture says Repeatedly becomes the benchmark for leading Israel into sin Scripture references 1 Kings 11:26-40; 1 Kings 12:1–14:20 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Former official of Solomon; northern tribes made him king after rejecting Rehoboam Major actions and events Jeroboam set up calf shrines at Bethel and Dan because he feared that worship in Jerusalem would draw the people back to David's house. He appointed unauthorized priests and established a festival of his own choosing. Named servants / prophetic setting Ahijah; unnamed man of God from Judah End of reign / later outcome Died; Nadab succeeded him Keep in mind Ahijah's promise to Jeroboam included a call to obedience; it did not authorize the worship Jeroboam introduced. Jeroboam I and Jeroboam II were different rulers, separated by several generations. Scripture references 1 Kings 11:26-40; 1 Kings 12:1–14:20 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Nadab	Israel: northern kingdom	2 years	c.911/910–910/909 BC
Nadab Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 2 House / relationship House of Jeroboam; Jeroboam I's son What Scripture says Did evil and followed Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 1 Kings 15:25-32 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Nadab continued the sinful religious practices of his father, Jeroboam. While he was besieging Gibbethon, Baasha conspired against him and killed him. Named servants / prophetic setting Ahijah's earlier judgment on the dynasty is fulfilled in this period End of reign / later outcome Assassinated by Baasha, who destroyed Jeroboam's house Keep in mind The stated two years need not mean two complete modern calendar years. Ancient regnal totals can include portions of years, which is one reason the biblical duration is kept separate from the approximate BC dates. Scripture references 1 Kings 15:25-32 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Baasha	Israel: northern kingdom	24 years	c.910/909–887/886 BC
Baasha Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 3 House / relationship House of Baasha; son of Ahijah, from Issachar What Scripture says Did evil and continued the sin of Jeroboam; his own dynasty was condemned Scripture references 1 Kings 15:27–16:7; 2 Chronicles 16:1-6 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Seized power by killing Nadab Major actions and events Baasha destroyed Jeroboam's household and established his own dynasty. He continued the same sinful worship and later fortified Ramah against Judah. Named servants / prophetic setting Jehu son of Hanani End of reign / later outcome Died and was succeeded by Elah Keep in mind The references to Baasha in Kings and to Asa's thirty-sixth year in Chronicles create a difficult chronological question. The chart preserves both references and labels proposed solutions rather than quietly changing either number. Scripture references 1 Kings 15:27–16:7; 2 Chronicles 16:1-6 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Elah	Israel: northern kingdom	2 years	c.887/886–886/885 BC
Elah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 4 House / relationship House of Baasha; Baasha's son What Scripture says His sins and those of Baasha are associated with provoking the LORD through idols Scripture references 1 Kings 16:8-20 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Elah was drinking in the house of his steward at Tirzah when Zimri killed him. The army was then camped against Gibbethon, and the coup quickly led to another struggle for the throne. Named servants / prophetic setting Jehu son of Hanani's earlier word against Baasha's house End of reign / later outcome Killed by Zimri while drinking in a steward's house Keep in mind The account links Elah's sin with the idolatry of his father's house. Its brief description does not provide a detailed record of his whole reign or justify adding events from another king's life. Scripture references 1 Kings 16:8-20 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Zimri	Israel: northern kingdom	7 days	c.886/885 BC
Zimri Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 5 House / relationship No continuing dynasty What Scripture says Did evil and walked in Jeroboam's sin; the narrative does not treat the coup as faithfulness Scripture references 1 Kings 16:9-20 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Commander who killed Elah and destroyed Baasha's house Major actions and events Zimri killed Elah and destroyed Baasha's household. When the army made Omri king and besieged Tirzah, Zimri entered the royal house, set it on fire, and died. Named servants / prophetic setting Jehu son of Hanani's prophecy provides background End of reign / later outcome Burned the royal house over himself and died Keep in mind His seven-day reign is the shortest expressly stated in this succession. Carrying out a judgment against a wicked dynasty did not make Zimri faithful; Kings also records his own evil conduct. Scripture references 1 Kings 16:9-20 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Omri	Israel: northern kingdom	12 years; 6 in Tirzah	c.886/885–875/874 BC, including contested rule
Omri Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 6 House / relationship House of Omri; father of Ahab What Scripture says Did worse than those before him and continued Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 1 Kings 16:16-28 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Proclaimed king by the army; overcame the party supporting Tibni Major actions and events Omri emerged from a struggle with Tibni and established the dynasty that included Ahab. He bought the hill of Samaria and built the city that became the northern capital. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophet addresses him in his regnal account End of reign / later outcome Died; Ahab succeeded him Keep in mind His military proclamation and the end of the contest with Tibni are different stages in his rise to power. The proposed calendar dates include this contested period rather than treating his whole reign as uncontested rule. Scripture references 1 Kings 16:16-28 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Tibni	Rival in northern Israel	No explicit reign length	During Omri's contested accession, c.880s BC
Tibni Link to this entry House / relationship Son of Ginath; rival to Omri What Scripture says No separate moral evaluation is provided Scripture references 1 Kings 16:21-22 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Supported by part of Israel after Zimri's fall Major actions and events Part of Israel supported Tibni while another part supported Omri. Omri's supporters prevailed, and Tibni died. Named servants / prophetic setting No prophet is named in the account End of reign / later outcome Died after Omri's supporters prevailed Keep in mind The text does not give Tibni a separate reign length or describe how he died. Dates assigned to his rivalry are inferred from Omri's accession notices, not supplied in an independent regnal account. Scripture references 1 Kings 16:21-22 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahab	Israel: northern kingdom	22 years	c.875/874–853 BC
Ahab Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 7 House / relationship House of Omri; Omri's son What Scripture says Did more to provoke the LORD than his predecessors; his later humbling delayed a judgment on his house Scripture references 1 Kings 16:29–22:40 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father; married Jezebel Major actions and events Ahab promoted Baal worship under the influence of Jezebel. His reign included the confrontation on Mount Carmel, wars with Syria, and the seizure of Naboth's vineyard. When Elijah announced judgment, Ahab humbled himself, and God delayed part of the judgment on his house. Named servants / prophetic setting Elijah; Micaiah son of Imlah; unnamed prophets End of reign / later outcome Fatally wounded in battle at Ramoth Gilead Keep in mind Ahab's humbling in 1 Kings 21 should not be omitted, but it does not erase the account of his earlier conduct. The narrative distinguishes this response from a general verdict that his reign was righteous. Scripture references 1 Kings 16:29–22:40 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahaziah	Israel: northern kingdom	2 years	c.853–852 BC
Ahaziah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 8 House / relationship House of Omri; Ahab's son What Scripture says Did evil and followed his parents and Jeroboam Scripture references 1 Kings 22:51-53; 2 Kings 1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded Ahab Major actions and events After an injury, Ahaziah sent messengers to inquire of Baal-Zebub rather than the Lord. Elijah announced that he would not recover, and the king died. Named servants / prophetic setting Elijah End of reign / later outcome Died following his fall; his brother Jehoram succeeded because he had no son Keep in mind This Ahaziah ruled northern Israel and was Ahab's son. He is not Ahaziah of Judah, who was the son of Jehoram and Athaliah; the two men appear in different places in the succession. Scripture references 1 Kings 22:51-53; 2 Kings 1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoram / Joram	Israel: northern kingdom	12 years	c.852–841 BC
Jehoram / Joram Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 9 House / relationship House of Omri; Ahab's son, Ahaziah's brother What Scripture says Did evil, though not in the same way as his parents; did not abandon Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 2 Kings 3; 2 Kings 8:28-29; 2 Kings 9:1-26 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his brother Major actions and events Jehoram removed his father's pillar of Baal but continued Jeroboam's calf worship. He fought against Moab and Syria, and Jehu eventually killed him during the overthrow of Ahab's house. Named servants / prophetic setting Elisha; an unnamed prophetic messenger sent to anoint Jehu End of reign / later outcome Killed by Jehu and thrown onto Naboth's property Keep in mind Removing one idol did not amount to wholehearted obedience. This northern Jehoram was a son of Ahab; the king of Judah with the same name was a son of Jehoshaphat. Scripture references 2 Kings 3; 2 Kings 8:28-29; 2 Kings 9:1-26 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehu	Israel: northern kingdom	28 years	c.841–814/813 BC
Jehu Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 10 House / relationship House of Jehu; son of Jehoshaphat, son of Nimshi What Scripture says Commended concerning judgment on Ahab's house, but did not follow God's law wholeheartedly and retained the calves Scripture references 1 Kings 19:16-17; 2 Kings 9–10; Hosea 1:4 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Anointed through Elisha's messenger; overthrew Ahab's house Major actions and events Jehu killed Joram and ordered Jezebel to be thrown down from her window. He destroyed Ahab's household and suppressed Baal worship, but he retained the calf shrines at Bethel and Dan. Named servants / prophetic setting Elisha's messenger; Elijah's earlier prophecy End of reign / later outcome Died; Jehoahaz succeeded him Keep in mind Kings commends Jehu for carrying out judgment on Ahab's house while also condemning his failure to follow the Lord wholeheartedly. Hosea 1:4 adds a warning about the bloodshed of Jezreel, so his career should not be reduced to an uncomplicated example of obedience. Scripture references 1 Kings 19:16-17; 2 Kings 9–10; Hosea 1:4 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoahaz	Israel: northern kingdom	17 years	c.814/813–798/797 BC
Jehoahaz Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 11 House / relationship House of Jehu; Jehu's son What Scripture says Continued Jeroboam's sin even though the LORD heard his plea Scripture references 2 Kings 13:1-9 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Jehoahaz's reign was marked by severe oppression from Syria. He pleaded with the Lord, and God heard him, yet Israel continued in the sins associated with Jeroboam. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophet appears in his short regnal summary End of reign / later outcome Died; Joash succeeded him Keep in mind Second Kings 13:5 mentions a deliverer without naming that person in the verse. The chart does not assign the name of a later ruler to that statement as though the identification were explicit. Scripture references 2 Kings 13:1-9 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Joash / Jehoash	Israel: northern kingdom	16 years	c.798/797–782/781 BC
Joash / Jehoash Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 12 House / relationship House of Jehu; Jehoahaz's son What Scripture says Did evil and retained Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 2 Kings 13:10-25; 2 Kings 14:8-16 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Joash visited Elisha during the prophet's final illness and received a sign concerning victory over Syria. He recovered towns taken from his father and later defeated Amaziah of Judah, entering Jerusalem and taking its treasures. Named servants / prophetic setting Elisha End of reign / later outcome Died; Jeroboam II succeeded him Keep in mind This Joash ruled Israel, not Judah. Elisha's rebuke concerning the arrows belongs to his story; the temple repairs under Jehoiada belong to the other Joash. Scripture references 2 Kings 13:10-25; 2 Kings 14:8-16 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jeroboam II	Israel: northern kingdom	41 years	c.782/781–753 BC as sole ruler; proposed co-rule from c.793/792
Jeroboam II Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 13 House / relationship House of Jehu; Joash's son What Scripture says Did evil and retained Jeroboam's sin; military success is attributed to God's compassion, not royal righteousness Scripture references 2 Kings 14:23-29; Amos 1:1; Amos 7:10-17; Hosea 1:1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father; a co-regency is proposed in this chronology Major actions and events Jeroboam II restored Israel's boundaries in accordance with the word spoken through Jonah. Amos and Hosea ministered during the wider period of prosperity and exposed the nation's persistent sin. Named servants / prophetic setting Jonah son of Amittai; Amos; Hosea End of reign / later outcome Died; Zechariah succeeded him Keep in mind The text attributes Israel's relief to God's compassion rather than the king's righteousness. Naming prophets associated with the period does not mean Scripture records a personal meeting between each prophet and Jeroboam. Scripture references 2 Kings 14:23-29; Amos 1:1; Amos 7:10-17; Hosea 1:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Zechariah	Israel: northern kingdom	6 months	c.753–752 BC
Zechariah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 14 House / relationship House of Jehu; Jeroboam II's son What Scripture says Did evil and continued Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 2 Kings 15:8-12 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Zechariah continued the sins of Jeroboam during his six-month reign. Shallum conspired against him and killed him, ending Jehu's dynasty. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophet directly addresses him in the regnal account End of reign / later outcome Killed by Shallum Keep in mind Kings connects this succession with the promise that Jehu's descendants would occupy the throne through the fourth generation. Zechariah the king is not the later prophet whose book bears that name. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:8-12 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Shallum	Israel: northern kingdom	1 month	c.752 BC
Shallum Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 15 House / relationship Son of Jabesh; no continuing dynasty What Scripture says The brief notice records conspiracy but contains no standard “did evil” regnal verdict Scripture references 2 Kings 15:10-15 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Seized power by killing Zechariah Major actions and events Shallum killed Zechariah and briefly occupied the throne in Samaria. Menahem came from Tirzah, killed him, and took the kingdom. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophet appears in the account End of reign / later outcome Killed by Menahem Keep in mind The brief notice records Shallum's conspiracy but does not give the usual regnal statement that he did evil in the Lord's sight. A chart should not insert that formula as though it appeared in the passage. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:10-15 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Menahem	Israel: northern kingdom	10 years	c.752–742/741 BC
Menahem Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 16 House / relationship House of Menahem; son of Gadi What Scripture says Did evil and continued Jeroboam's sin throughout his reign Scripture references 2 Kings 15:14-22 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Killed Shallum and took the throne Major actions and events Menahem seized the throne and committed brutal violence against Tiphsah. He later paid tribute to Pul of Assyria and raised the money through an assessment on wealthy Israelites. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophetic encounter is supplied in his regnal account End of reign / later outcome Died; Pekahiah succeeded him Keep in mind The violence is reported, not commended. The passage gives no reason to treat political success or payment of tribute as evidence of faithfulness to God. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:14-22 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Pekahiah	Israel: northern kingdom	2 years	c.742/741–740/739 BC
Pekahiah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 17 House / relationship House of Menahem; Menahem's son What Scripture says Did evil and continued Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 2 Kings 15:23-26 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Pekahiah succeeded his father, Menahem, and continued the northern kingdom's sinful worship. Pekah, one of his officers, conspired against him and killed him in Samaria. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophet appears in the regnal account End of reign / later outcome Killed by Pekah in the royal citadel Keep in mind Pekahiah and Pekah are different men, despite their similar names. The account identifies the second as the officer who overthrew the first. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:23-26 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Pekah	Israel: northern kingdom	20 years	c.740/739–732/731 BC as sole ruler; rival rule proposed from c.752
Pekah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 18 House / relationship Son of Remaliah; military usurper What Scripture says Did evil and continued Jeroboam's sin Scripture references 2 Kings 15:25-31; 2 Kings 16:5-9; Isaiah 7:1-9; 2 Chronicles 28:5-15 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Killed Pekahiah; earlier rival leadership is proposed by the chronology Major actions and events Pekah joined Rezin of Syria in an attack on Judah. During his reign, Assyria captured northern territories and carried people away, and Hoshea eventually killed him and took the throne. Named servants / prophetic setting Isaiah's messages concerning the attack on Judah; Oded in the related Judah narrative End of reign / later outcome Killed by Hoshea Keep in mind The twenty-year biblical total exceeds the sole-reign dates used in this chronology. An earlier rival regime is a proposed explanation, not an accession story explicitly narrated in Kings. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:25-31; 2 Kings 16:5-9; Isaiah 7:1-9; 2 Chronicles 28:5-15 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Hoshea	Israel: northern kingdom	9 years	c.732/731–722 BC
Hoshea Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 19 House / relationship Son of Elah; last northern king What Scripture says Did evil, though not as the preceding kings; Israel's exile is explained as long-standing covenant rebellion Scripture references 2 Kings 15:30; 2 Kings 17:1-23; 2 Kings 18:9-12 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Killed Pekah and took the throne Major actions and events Hoshea first paid tribute to Assyria, then withheld it and sought help from Egypt. The Assyrian king imprisoned him, and Samaria fell after a prolonged siege. Named servants / prophetic setting Prophetic warnings are recalled collectively in 2 Kings 17 End of reign / later outcome Imprisoned by Assyria; the text does not state his death Keep in mind The biblical account does not tell us how Hoshea died. He should also be distinguished from Hosea the prophet; the similar English names do not identify the same person. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:30; 2 Kings 17:1-23; 2 Kings 18:9-12 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Rehoboam	Judah: southern kingdom	17 years	c.931/930–915/914 BC
Rehoboam Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 1 House / relationship House of David; Solomon's son What Scripture says Judah practiced serious idolatry; Rehoboam humbled himself in crisis but did not set his heart to seek the LORD Scripture references 1 Kings 12:1-24; 1 Kings 14:21-31; 2 Chronicles 10–12 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 41 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded Solomon; lost the northern tribes after rejecting their request for lighter burdens Major actions and events Rehoboam refused the northern tribes' request to ease their burdens, and the kingdom divided. After he became established in Judah, he abandoned the law of the Lord and faced Shishak's invasion. Named servants / prophetic setting Shemaiah End of reign / later outcome Died; Abijah succeeded him Keep in mind Rehoboam inherited Solomon's throne but did not continue to govern all the tribes after the division. The chart therefore places his continuing reign in the southern kingdom. Scripture references 1 Kings 12:1-24; 1 Kings 14:21-31; 2 Chronicles 10–12 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Abijah / Abijam	Judah: southern kingdom	3 years	c.915/914–912/911 BC
Abijah / Abijam Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 2 House / relationship House of David; Rehoboam's son What Scripture says Kings says his heart was not wholly loyal; Chronicles records a battle in which Judah relied on the LORD Scripture references 1 Kings 15:1-8; 2 Chronicles 13 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Abijah fought against Jeroboam and appealed to God's covenant with David. Chronicles records Judah relying on the Lord in the battle, while Kings also records that Abijah's heart was not wholly loyal to Him. Named servants / prophetic setting Iddo's written record is cited, without a narrated personal encounter End of reign / later outcome Died; Asa succeeded him Keep in mind The two accounts emphasize different aspects of his reign. The victory in Chronicles should not be used to remove the moral assessment in Kings, or the assessment in Kings to deny the recorded reliance on God. Scripture references 1 Kings 15:1-8; 2 Chronicles 13 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Asa	Judah: southern kingdom	41 years	c.912/911–871/870 BC
Asa Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 3 House / relationship House of David; Abijah's son What Scripture says Generally did right and remained devoted, yet Chronicles records serious late failures Scripture references 1 Kings 15:9-24; 2 Chronicles 14–16 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Asa removed idols and called Judah to seek the Lord. Later, he relied on a treaty with Syria, imprisoned the seer who rebuked him, and sought physicians without seeking the Lord during his final illness. Named servants / prophetic setting Azariah son of Oded; Hanani End of reign / later outcome Died after a severe disease in his feet; Jehoshaphat succeeded him Keep in mind Kings gives a favorable overall assessment, while Chronicles records serious later failures. Seeking medical care is not itself identified as the sin; the account draws attention to Asa's refusal to seek the Lord. Scripture references 1 Kings 15:9-24; 2 Chronicles 14–16 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoshaphat	Judah: southern kingdom	25 years	c.871/870–849/848 BC as sole ruler; proposed co-rule from c.873
Jehoshaphat Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 4 House / relationship House of David; Asa's son What Scripture says Did right and sought the LORD; repeatedly rebuked for ungodly alliances Scripture references 1 Kings 22; 2 Chronicles 17–20 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 35 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded Asa; a period of shared rule is proposed Major actions and events Jehoshaphat sent officials, Levites, and priests to teach the law and appointed judges in Judah. He led the people in seeking God during a national threat, yet repeatedly entered alliances for which he was rebuked. Named servants / prophetic setting Micaiah; Jehu son of Hanani; Jahaziel; Eliezer son of Dodavah End of reign / later outcome Died; Jehoram succeeded him Keep in mind The favorable assessment of Jehoshaphat does not make every alliance wise or obedient. The associated figures include prophets and other named servants, not a claim that every person listed held the same office. Scripture references 1 Kings 22; 2 Chronicles 17–20 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoram / Joram	Judah: southern kingdom	8 years	c.849/848–842 BC as sole ruler; proposed co-rule from c.853
Jehoram / Joram Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 5 House / relationship House of David; Jehoshaphat's son; husband of Athaliah What Scripture says Did evil, but the Davidic promise is cited as the reason Judah was not destroyed Scripture references 2 Kings 8:16-24; 2 Chronicles 21 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 32 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father and killed his brothers Major actions and events Jehoram killed his brothers and followed the ways of Ahab's house. Edom and Libnah revolted, and his reign ended with a painful intestinal disease. Named servants / prophetic setting A letter from Elijah is reported End of reign / later outcome Died of a severe intestinal disease and was not buried in the royal tombs Keep in mind Chronicles records a letter from Elijah without dating its composition or delivery. The chart does not invent a timeline for that letter to settle questions the narrative leaves open. Scripture references 2 Kings 8:16-24; 2 Chronicles 21 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahaziah	Judah: southern kingdom	1 year	c.842–841 BC
Ahaziah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 6 House / relationship House of David; Jehoram's son; Athaliah's son What Scripture says Did evil and followed the ways of Ahab's house Scripture references 2 Kings 8:25-29; 2 Kings 9:21-29; 2 Chronicles 22:1-9 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 22 in 2 Kings 8:26; 42 in NKJV 2 Chronicles 22:2 How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father and was influenced by Ahab's house Major actions and events Ahaziah followed the counsel of Ahab's house and accompanied Joram of Israel in war against Syria. His association with that house brought him into the events surrounding Jehu's revolt. Named servants / prophetic setting Jehu's commissioned judgment forms the setting of his death End of reign / later outcome Killed during Jehu's purge; the two historical books emphasize different parts of the episode Keep in mind Second Kings 8:26 gives twenty-two as his accession age, while the NKJV of 2 Chronicles 22:2 prints forty-two. Both readings are disclosed here; no second accession or hidden dynastic calculation is presented as an established solution. Scripture references 2 Kings 8:25-29; 2 Kings 9:21-29; 2 Chronicles 22:1-9 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Athaliah	Judah: southern kingdom	6 years	c.841–835 BC
Athaliah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 7 House / relationship House of Omri by origin; widow of Jehoram; mother of Ahaziah What Scripture says The narrative presents violent usurpation and the influence of Baal worship rather than a normal regnal verdict Scripture references 2 Kings 11; 2 Chronicles 22:10–23:21 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue Not stated How the ruler came to power Seized rule after Ahaziah's death and attempted to destroy the royal heirs Major actions and events Athaliah tried to destroy the royal heirs and ruled Judah while Joash was hidden in the temple. Jehoiada later arranged Joash's coronation, and Athaliah was executed at his command. Named servants / prophetic setting Jehoiada the priest; Jehosheba / Jehoshabeath End of reign / later outcome Executed outside the temple under Jehoiada's orders after Joash was crowned Keep in mind She ruled in Jerusalem but was not part of the ordinary father-to-son Davidic succession. Counting her among Judah's twenty rulers explains why that total includes nineteen kings and one queen. Scripture references 2 Kings 11; 2 Chronicles 22:10–23:21 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Joash / Jehoash	Judah: southern kingdom	40 years	c.835–796/795 BC
Joash / Jehoash Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 8 House / relationship House of David; Ahaziah's son What Scripture says Did right under Jehoiada's instruction; Chronicles records a major later apostasy Scripture references 2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 24 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 7 years How the ruler came to power Rescued from Athaliah and crowned through Jehoiada's intervention Major actions and events Joash repaired the temple while Jehoiada guided him. After Jehoiada's death, he listened to other leaders, abandoned faithful worship, and ordered the killing of Zechariah, Jehoiada's son. Named servants / prophetic setting Jehoiada; Zechariah son of Jehoiada End of reign / later outcome Assassinated by his servants after an Aramean attack Keep in mind The beginning and end of this reign must be read together. An early period of obedience does not justify describing the whole reign as faithful, and the murdered Zechariah is not automatically the later writing prophet. Scripture references 2 Kings 11–12; 2 Chronicles 24 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Amaziah	Judah: southern kingdom	29 years	c.796/795–767 BC
Amaziah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 9 House / relationship House of David; Joash's son What Scripture says Did right, but not with a fully devoted heart; later turned to idolatry Scripture references 2 Kings 14:1-22; 2 Chronicles 25 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 25 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded his murdered father Major actions and events Amaziah began with some obedience but did not serve with a fully loyal heart. After defeating Edom, he brought back its gods and worshiped them; he later challenged Israel and suffered defeat. Named servants / prophetic setting Unnamed man of God; unnamed prophet End of reign / later outcome Fled to Lachish and was killed by conspirators Keep in mind His victories did not prove that every later decision had God's approval. Chronicles expressly records the turn to Edomite gods, which should not disappear behind a simple good-king label. Scripture references 2 Kings 14:1-22; 2 Chronicles 25 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Uzziah / Azariah	Judah: southern kingdom	52 years	c.767–740/739 BC as sole ruler; proposed co-rule from c.791
Uzziah / Azariah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 10 House / relationship House of David; Amaziah's son What Scripture says Did right while seeking God, but became proud and violated priestly boundaries Scripture references 2 Kings 15:1-7; 2 Chronicles 26; Isaiah 1:1; Isaiah 6:1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 16 years How the ruler came to power Made king by the people; shared rule is proposed in the chronology Major actions and events Uzziah strengthened Judah and prospered while he sought the Lord. His success led to pride, and he entered the temple to burn incense, a priestly duty; leprosy then marked the rest of his life. Named servants / prophetic setting Zechariah who had understanding in visions; Azariah the priest; Isaiah's ministry overlaps End of reign / later outcome Lived isolated with leprosy until death; Jotham administered the kingdom Keep in mind The Zechariah who instructed Uzziah is not identified as the later prophet of the biblical book. Jotham's management of the kingdom during Uzziah's illness also helps explain why their reigns can overlap in a chronological reconstruction. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:1-7; 2 Chronicles 26; Isaiah 1:1; Isaiah 6:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jotham	Judah: southern kingdom	16 years	c.750–735/730 BC, with overlap and end-date uncertainty
Jotham Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 11 House / relationship House of David; Uzziah's son What Scripture says Did right and ordered his ways before the LORD, while the people continued corrupt practices Scripture references 2 Kings 15:32-38; 2 Chronicles 27; Isaiah 1:1; Micah 1:1; Hosea 1:1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 25 years How the ruler came to power Administered the kingdom during his father's leprosy and later succeeded him Major actions and events Jotham built and fortified towns and prevailed against the Ammonites. He ordered his ways before the Lord, although the people continued their corrupt practices. Named servants / prophetic setting Isaiah; Micah; Hosea, as identified in their superscriptions End of reign / later outcome Died; Ahaz succeeded him Keep in mind His favorable personal assessment should not be extended to every person in Judah. The relationship between his regnal total, his father's illness, and later synchronisms requires more care than simply adding reign lengths. Scripture references 2 Kings 15:32-38; 2 Chronicles 27; Isaiah 1:1; Micah 1:1; Hosea 1:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahaz	Judah: southern kingdom	16 years	c.735/730–715 BC
Ahaz Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 12 House / relationship House of David; Jotham's son What Scripture says Did not do right; intensified Judah's unfaithfulness during national distress Scripture references 2 Kings 16; 2 Chronicles 28; Isaiah 7–8; Micah 1:1; Hosea 1:1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 20 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Ahaz practiced idolatry and sought Assyrian help during the attack by Syria and Israel. He altered the temple's worship and became more unfaithful during his distress. Named servants / prophetic setting Isaiah; Oded in the rescue of Judah's captives; Micah and Hosea overlap by superscription End of reign / later outcome Died; Hezekiah succeeded him Keep in mind The narrative presents his policies as disobedience, not as necessary religious accommodation. The calendar dates involve proposed overlap with Jotham and Hezekiah and are not dates written in the biblical text. Scripture references 2 Kings 16; 2 Chronicles 28; Isaiah 7–8; Micah 1:1; Hosea 1:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Hezekiah	Judah: southern kingdom	29 years	c.715–687/686 BC as sole ruler; proposed co-rule from c.728
Hezekiah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 13 House / relationship House of David; Ahaz's son What Scripture says Strongly commended for trust and obedience, yet corrected for pride and the Babylonian episode Scripture references 2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 29–32; Isaiah 36–39; Micah 1:1; Hosea 1:1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 25 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father; the selected chronology distinguishes earlier shared rule Major actions and events Hezekiah restored temple worship, removed idolatrous objects, and trusted the Lord during the Assyrian threat. God also healed him, but the king later needed correction for pride and for displaying his treasures to Babylonian envoys. Named servants / prophetic setting Isaiah; Micah and Hosea overlap by superscription End of reign / later outcome Died and received an honored burial; Manasseh succeeded him Keep in mind The events surrounding his illness and the envoys are not a ready-made year-by-year timeline. Proposed co-regencies help some chronologies relate the various notices, but the chart keeps those proposals separate from the stated twenty-nine-year reign. Scripture references 2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 29–32; Isaiah 36–39; Micah 1:1; Hosea 1:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Manasseh	Judah: southern kingdom	55 years	c.687/686–642 BC as sole ruler; proposed co-rule from c.697/696
Manasseh Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 14 House / relationship House of David; Hezekiah's son What Scripture says Kings emphasizes his grave guilt; Chronicles additionally records repentance and restoration Scripture references 2 Kings 21:1-18; 2 Chronicles 33:1-20 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 12 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father; an earlier shared reign is proposed Major actions and events Manasseh filled Judah with idolatry and innocent blood. Chronicles also records that, after being taken captive, he humbled himself, prayed, was restored to Jerusalem, and removed foreign gods. Named servants / prophetic setting Unnamed prophets and seers End of reign / later outcome Died; Amon succeeded him Keep in mind His repentance must not be omitted, nor should it be used to erase the harm of his earlier reign. Kings emphasizes the lasting consequences of his sin, while Chronicles supplies the later account of humbling and reform. Scripture references 2 Kings 21:1-18; 2 Chronicles 33:1-20 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Amon	Judah: southern kingdom	2 years	c.642–640 BC
Amon Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 15 House / relationship House of David; Manasseh's son What Scripture says Did evil and increased guilt; did not humble himself Scripture references 2 Kings 21:19-26; 2 Chronicles 33:21-25 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 22 years How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Amon followed the idolatrous practices associated with his father's earlier years. Unlike Manasseh, he did not humble himself before the Lord, and his servants conspired against him. Named servants / prophetic setting No named prophetic encounter appears in his regnal account End of reign / later outcome Killed by servants; the people punished the conspirators and crowned Josiah Keep in mind The comparison in Chronicles concerns Amon's refusal to humble himself. It does not imply that Manasseh's repentance had removed every corrupt influence from Judah. Scripture references 2 Kings 21:19-26; 2 Chronicles 33:21-25 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Josiah	Judah: southern kingdom	31 years	c.640–609 BC
Josiah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 16 House / relationship House of David; Amon's son What Scripture says Exceptionally commended for wholehearted return to the law; judgment on Judah was delayed, not canceled Scripture references 2 Kings 22:1–23:30; 2 Chronicles 34–35; Jeremiah 1:1-3; Zephaniah 1:1 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 8 years How the ruler came to power Made king by the people after Amon's assassination Major actions and events Josiah sought the Lord, removed idolatrous worship, and led covenant renewal after the book of the law was found. He also kept a notable Passover, but later went out against Necho despite the warning reported in Chronicles. Named servants / prophetic setting Huldah; Jeremiah; Zephaniah End of reign / later outcome Died after confronting Pharaoh Neco at Megiddo Keep in mind Kings connects Josiah's death with Megiddo and the transport of his body; Chronicles describes his wounding there and his removal to Jerusalem, where he died. Reading the shorter account as a summary of the fatal encounter is a harmonizing explanation, not an additional detail supplied by Kings. Scripture references 2 Kings 22:1–23:30; 2 Chronicles 34–35; Jeremiah 1:1-3; Zephaniah 1:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoahaz / Shallum	Judah: southern kingdom	3 months	609 BC
Jehoahaz / Shallum Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 17 House / relationship House of David; Josiah's son What Scripture says Did evil, following the pattern of earlier kings Scripture references 2 Kings 23:31-34; 2 Chronicles 36:1-4; Jeremiah 22:10-12; 1 Chronicles 3:15 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 23 years How the ruler came to power Chosen by the people after Josiah's death Major actions and events The people made Jehoahaz king after Josiah's death. Pharaoh Necho removed him after three months and took him to Egypt. Named servants / prophetic setting Jeremiah's word concerning Shallum End of reign / later outcome Deposed by Pharaoh Neco, taken to Egypt, and died there Keep in mind Jeremiah calls this son of Josiah Shallum. He is not the earlier northern king of that name; the family relationship and historical setting distinguish them. Scripture references 2 Kings 23:31-34; 2 Chronicles 36:1-4; Jeremiah 22:10-12; 1 Chronicles 3:15 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoiakim / Eliakim	Judah: southern kingdom	11 years	609–598 BC
Jehoiakim / Eliakim Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 18 House / relationship House of David; Josiah's son; Jehoahaz's brother What Scripture says Did evil; his rule is associated with injustice and rejection of God's word Scripture references 2 Kings 23:34–24:7; 2 Chronicles 36:5-8; Jeremiah 22:13-19; Jeremiah 26; Jeremiah 36 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 25 years How the ruler came to power Installed by Pharaoh Neco, who changed his name from Eliakim Major actions and events Necho installed Eliakim and renamed him Jehoiakim. His reign included tribute payments, injustice, and the burning of Jeremiah's scroll rather than submission to God's warning. Named servants / prophetic setting Jeremiah; Uriah son of Shemaiah; Baruch recorded Jeremiah's words End of reign / later outcome Died during the Babylonian crisis; the accounts do not supply one simple, fully narrated death scene Keep in mind Chronicles says Nebuchadnezzar bound him with the intention of taking him to Babylon. The account does not provide a complete narrative of that journey or settle every question about the place and manner of his death. Scripture references 2 Kings 23:34–24:7; 2 Chronicles 36:5-8; Jeremiah 22:13-19; Jeremiah 26; Jeremiah 36 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoiachin / Jeconiah / Coniah	Judah: southern kingdom	3 months in Kings; 3 months 10 days in Chronicles	598–597 BC
Jehoiachin / Jeconiah / Coniah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 19 House / relationship House of David; Jehoiakim's son What Scripture says Did evil according to the pattern of his father Scripture references 2 Kings 24:8-17; 2 Kings 25:27-30; 2 Chronicles 36:9-10; Jeremiah 22:24-30; Ezekiel 1:2 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 18 in 2 Kings 24:8; 8 in NKJV 2 Chronicles 36:9 How the ruler came to power Succeeded his father Major actions and events Jehoiachin surrendered to Nebuchadnezzar and was carried to Babylon with members of his household and many people of Jerusalem. Years later, he was released from prison and received an allowance at the Babylonian court. Named servants / prophetic setting Jeremiah; Ezekiel dates visions by his exile End of reign / later outcome Later released from prison and honored in Babylon; death not recorded Keep in mind Kings gives his accession age as eighteen; the NKJV of Chronicles prints eight. The chart preserves both rather than inventing an earlier co-regency, and it keeps the three-month figure beside Chronicles' more precise three months and ten days. Scripture references 2 Kings 24:8-17; 2 Kings 25:27-30; 2 Chronicles 36:9-10; Jeremiah 22:24-30; Ezekiel 1:2 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Zedekiah / Mattaniah	Judah: southern kingdom	11 years	597–586 BC
Zedekiah / Mattaniah Link to this entry Sequence within kingdom 20 House / relationship House of David; Josiah's son; Jehoiachin's uncle What Scripture says Did evil, refused to humble himself, and violated his oath Scripture references 2 Kings 24:17–25:7; 2 Chronicles 36:11-21; Jeremiah 37–39; Jeremiah 52:1-11; Ezekiel 17 Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab) Date source esv.org (opens in a new tab) Reign Details Use the stable ruler ID to connect each detailed entry with the main index. Unnamed persons and unrecorded outcomes are not filled in by guesswork. Age at accession / textual issue 21 years How the ruler came to power Installed and renamed by Nebuchadnezzar Major actions and events Nebuchadnezzar installed Mattaniah and renamed him Zedekiah. He refused the warnings given through Jeremiah and broke his oath to Babylon; Jerusalem was destroyed, and he was captured, blinded, and taken away. Named servants / prophetic setting Jeremiah; Ezekiel addresses the rebellion through prophetic imagery End of reign / later outcome Captured, saw his sons killed, was blinded, and taken to Babylon; Jeremiah reports imprisonment until death Keep in mind Zedekiah was Jehoiachin's uncle, not his son. The date 586 BC follows the chronology used here; 587 BC appears in other reconstructions, so the calendar year remains an historical conclusion rather than a biblical quotation. Scripture references 2 Kings 24:17–25:7; 2 Chronicles 36:11-21; Jeremiah 37–39; Jeremiah 52:1-11; Ezekiel 17 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)

Reading the dates responsibly

These notes preserve important textual and chronological difficulties instead of supplying false precision. Calendar-date references are listed in Sources and Method.

Reading the dates responsibly
Issue	What the evidence shows	How to read the chart
Chronology source and scope	The BC dates use the historical framework identified in the source column. They are reconstructed dates, not numbers printed in the biblical regnal notices.	A slash such as 931/930 shows an alternative calendar alignment or uncertainty at a year boundary. It does not mean that the king had two separate accessions.
Chronology source and scope Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Kings 14:20-21; 2 Kings 17:1-6 Editorial treatment Dates across the main index use one disclosed framework. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Reign totals versus elapsed time	Biblical reign totals can include portions of years and periods of shared authority. They therefore do not always equal the result of subtracting two approximate BC endpoints.	The stated reign length and the proposed calendar span answer different questions. Keeping both prevents a reconstruction from replacing the number given in Scripture.
Reign totals versus elapsed time Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Kings 15:25-28; 2 Kings 15:1-2 Editorial treatment This workbook never sums reign lengths into an exact national chronology. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Accession and non-accession counting	Chronologists distinguish systems that count the partial accession year as year one from systems that begin year one with the following new year. These methods can affect how royal notices fit together.	A counting method is part of the historical explanation of the notices. It should not become an automatic instruction to subtract one year from every biblical reign.
Accession and non-accession counting Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Kings 15:25-28; 2 Kings 8:16-17 Editorial treatment Regnal systems are historical reconstructions applied to the notices. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Co-regency	Jotham governed the royal house and judged the people while Uzziah lived with leprosy. This supplies a clear example of authority exercised during a father's lifetime.	Some proposed co-regencies have this kind of narrative support; the exact beginning dates of others are inferred. A suggested overlap is not automatically a separately narrated coronation.
Co-regency Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Chronicles 26:21 Editorial treatment Jotham's administration during Uzziah's leprosy is explicit; many exact co-regency dates are not. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Saul's regnal wording and unstated accession age	The NKJV of 1 Samuel 13:1 speaks of Saul's first and second years of reigning; it does not supply an accession age. Its footnote acknowledges a difficulty in the Hebrew wording, while Acts 13:21 gives forty years.	The chart uses the forty-year period from Acts and leaves Saul's accession age unstated. It does not invent a missing age or present one reconstructed reading as the wording of the NKJV.
Saul's regnal wording and unstated accession age Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Samuel 13:1; Acts 13:21 Editorial treatment The main entry uses the Acts duration and identifies its date model. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
David and Ishbosheth	David ruled Judah at Hebron for seven years and six months, while Ishbosheth's rule is stated as two years. The narrative does not date every change between Saul's death and David's rule over all Israel.	Ishbosheth's two years should remain two years in the table. Expanding them to cover David's entire Hebron period would replace the explicit figure with an assumption.
David and Ishbosheth Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Samuel 2:8-11; 2 Samuel 5:4-5 Editorial treatment Ishbosheth is listed separately from the standard three united-monarchy kings. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Omri and Tibni	The army proclaimed Omri king, but part of the nation supported Tibni. The account then records the defeat of Tibni's party and gives Omri's regnal notice.	The proposed dates distinguish contested authority from sole rule. Tibni's rivalry is recorded, but his own reign length is not expressly stated.
Omri and Tibni Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Kings 16:15-23 Editorial treatment The rival entry is not presented as a fully documented additional dynasty. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Baasha and Asa	Chronicles places Baasha's attack on Ramah in Asa's thirty-sixth year. Kings places Elah's succession after Baasha in Asa's twenty-sixth year.	Suggestions include a different point from which the years were counted or a difficulty in the transmitted numeral. The passages do not explain the difference, so neither suggestion is treated here as a demonstrated solution.
Baasha and Asa Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Kings 16:6-8; 2 Chronicles 15:19; 2 Chronicles 16:1-6 Editorial treatment The apparent tension is retained, not silently harmonized. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahaziah's accession age	Second Kings 8:26 gives Ahaziah's accession age as twenty-two. The NKJV main text of 2 Chronicles 22:2 gives forty-two, with a footnote directing the reader to the other reading.	Both printed readings are retained. An imagined second accession or an unexplained dynastic age would not establish how these notices should be reconciled.
Ahaziah's accession age Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 8:26; 2 Chronicles 21:20; 2 Chronicles 22:2 Editorial treatment The index's detail sheet explicitly reports both NKJV readings. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahaziah's accession synchronism	One notice places Ahaziah's accession in Joram's twelfth year, while another refers to Joram's eleventh year. These are the figures given in 2 Kings 8:25 and 9:29.	Different accession-year reckonings are a proposed explanation. Keeping both notices visible is more accurate than changing a reference or silently dropping one of the figures.
Ahaziah's accession synchronism Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 8:25; 2 Kings 9:29 Editorial treatment Do not change a verse reference to hide the one-year difference. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jeroboam II and Uzziah	Jeroboam II's forty-one years and Uzziah's fifty-two years are longer than the proposed sole-rule spans in the selected chronology. The framework accounts for part of each reign through earlier shared rule.	The regnal totals remain the biblical figures. The earlier co-regency dates describe how this particular chronology relates those totals to other notices.
Jeroboam II and Uzziah Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 14:23; 2 Kings 15:1-2 Editorial treatment Both biblical totals and reconstructed phases are visible. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Pekah's twenty years	Kings gives Pekah twenty years, although the sole-rule span in the selected calendar is much shorter. The chronology therefore proposes an earlier period of rival rule.	That earlier regime is inferred, not separately introduced by a biblical statement that Pekah began ruling in 752 BC. The chart retains the twenty years and identifies the proposed explanation.
Pekah's twenty years Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 15:23-31 Editorial treatment Do not replace the biblical twenty with eight or nine without explanation. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Hezekiah and the Assyrian crisis	Hezekiah's accession is related to Hoshea's reign, while Sennacherib's campaign is placed in Hezekiah's fourteenth year. Relating these notices to one modern calendar involves difficult questions.	The chosen framework distinguishes shared authority from sole rule. This explains the dates used in the chart without claiming that every chronological question has been settled.
Hezekiah and the Assyrian crisis Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 18:1-13 Editorial treatment The chronology column uses the cited framework, not a claim of unanimous agreement. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehoiachin's accession age and duration	Kings gives Jehoiachin's age as eighteen and his reign as three months. The NKJV of Chronicles gives eight and a reign of three months and ten days.	A rounded duration and a more precise duration can describe the same period. The two accession ages are a different issue and are not explained simply by rounding.
Jehoiachin's accession age and duration Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 24:8; 2 Chronicles 36:9 Editorial treatment Keep a rounding difference distinct from a conflicting number. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Dates of the falls of the kingdoms	The historical frameworks consulted use dates around 722/721 BC for Samaria's fall and 587/586 BC for Jerusalem's destruction. Their differences arise in reconstructing the calendar from the evidence.	The main index follows approximately 722 BC and 586 BC for consistency with its named framework. Alternative calendar placements do not mean that the texts describe an additional fall of either city.
Dates of the falls of the kingdoms Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 17:3-6; 2 Kings 25:1-10; Jeremiah 52:4-13 Editorial treatment A date alternative does not imply an additional fall of the city. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Names, counts, and boundaries	Several kings share names, and the northern and southern successions overlap. This collection includes the standard succession, Athaliah, and the two separately identified rivals Ishbosheth and Tibni.	Absalom and Adonijah also made royal claims, but they are not included as additional entries in the standard regnal succession. Abimelech belongs to the earlier period of the judges, so the title should not be read as a list of every person ever called a king in Israel.
Names, counts, and boundaries Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Samuel 15–18; 1 Kings 1–2; 1 Kings 16:21-22; 2 Kings 11 Editorial treatment Abimelech in Judges 9 belongs to the pre-monarchical judges setting. Scripture source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)

Israel and Judah: side-by-side reading guide

Broad narrative windows, not exact reign-by-reign synchronisms. Overlapping phases and uncertain co-regencies remain identified in the ruler entries.

Israel and Judah: side-by-side reading guide
Historical window	Northern Israel	Judah / united-monarchy setting
United kingdom and contested succession	Saul; Ishbosheth as rival to David	David initially rules Judah, then all Israel; Solomon follows
United kingdom and contested succession Link to this entry What to compare The northern/southern division used in the later chart does not yet describe two enduring separate kingdoms. Reading passages 1 Samuel 9–31; 2 Samuel 1–5; 1 Kings 1–11 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Division and first northern dynasty	Jeroboam I; Nadab	Rehoboam; Abijah; early Asa
Division and first northern dynasty Link to this entry What to compare Read the rejection of Rehoboam beside Jeroboam's new worship system and the wars between the kingdoms. Reading passages 1 Kings 12–15; 2 Chronicles 10–14 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Northern coups and Asa's later years	Baasha; Elah; Zimri; Omri; beginning of Ahab	Asa; transition toward Jehoshaphat
Northern coups and Asa's later years Link to this entry What to compare Repeated northern dynastic changes contrast with continued Davidic succession in Judah. Reading passages 1 Kings 15–16; 2 Chronicles 15–17 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahab and the alliance with Judah	Ahab	Jehoshaphat
Ahab and the alliance with Judah Link to this entry What to compare Elijah's confrontation with Baal and Micaiah's warning belong beside Jehoshaphat's dangerous alliance. Reading passages 1 Kings 17–22; 2 Chronicles 18–20 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Ahab's sons and Judah's Omride marriage connection	Ahaziah of Israel; Jehoram of Israel	Jehoshaphat's final phase; Jehoram of Judah; Ahaziah of Judah
Ahab's sons and Judah's Omride marriage connection Link to this entry What to compare Track the two Jehorams and two Ahaziahs by kingdom; the royal houses are connected through Athaliah. Reading passages 2 Kings 1–8; 2 Chronicles 21–22 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehu's coup and Athaliah's usurpation	Jehu	Ahaziah's death; Athaliah; Joash's accession
Jehu's coup and Athaliah's usurpation Link to this entry What to compare One upheaval removes Ahab's northern dynasty and triggers a crisis in Judah's royal succession. Reading passages 2 Kings 9–11; 2 Chronicles 22–23 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jehu's house and temple repair	Later Jehu; Jehoahaz; Joash of Israel	Joash of Judah
Jehu's house and temple repair Link to this entry What to compare Read northern oppression and Elisha's ministry separately from Judah's temple repairs and later apostasy. Reading passages 2 Kings 12–13; 2 Chronicles 24 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Amaziah's war against Israel	Joash of Israel; transition to Jeroboam II	Amaziah; early shared rule proposed for Uzziah
Amaziah's war against Israel Link to this entry What to compare The confrontation between Amaziah and Joash links the kingdoms directly. Reading passages 2 Kings 14; 2 Chronicles 25 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
National strength and prophetic rebuke	Jeroboam II	Uzziah, with earlier overlap under Amaziah
National strength and prophetic rebuke Link to this entry What to compare Military growth and economic strength do not equal covenant faithfulness; Amos and Hosea expose the northern crisis. Reading passages 2 Kings 14:23–15:7; 2 Chronicles 26; Amos 1:1; Amos 7; Hosea 1:1 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Northern instability and Assyrian expansion	Zechariah; Shallum; Menahem; Pekahiah; Pekah	Uzziah; Jotham; Ahaz, with overlapping phases
Northern instability and Assyrian expansion Link to this entry What to compare A rapid succession of coups ends in territorial losses; the Syro-Ephraimite attack brings Isaiah's message to Ahaz. Reading passages 2 Kings 15–16; 2 Chronicles 27–28; Isaiah 7–8 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
End of the northern kingdom	Hoshea	Ahaz and the proposed early shared phase of Hezekiah
End of the northern kingdom Link to this entry What to compare Samaria falls; Kings interprets the exile in light of persistent idolatry and rejection of prophetic warnings. Reading passages 2 Kings 17; 2 Kings 18:1-12 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Judah after Samaria's fall	No independent northern monarchy remains	Hezekiah
Judah after Samaria's fall Link to this entry What to compare Jerusalem faces Assyria; Isaiah's prophetic assurance and Hezekiah's prayer are central. Reading passages 2 Kings 18–20; 2 Chronicles 29–32; Isaiah 36–39 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Apostasy, repentance, and renewed reform	No independent northern monarchy remains	Manasseh; Amon; Josiah
Apostasy, repentance, and renewed reform Link to this entry What to compare Read Manasseh's repentance in Chronicles alongside Kings' explanation of Judah's accumulated guilt and Josiah's reform. Reading passages 2 Kings 21–23; 2 Chronicles 33–35 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Egyptian and Babylonian domination	No independent northern monarchy remains	Jehoahaz; Jehoiakim; Jehoiachin
Egyptian and Babylonian domination Link to this entry What to compare Egypt deposes one king; Babylon becomes the dominant power; Jeremiah confronts the rulers and their policies. Reading passages 2 Kings 23:31–24:17; 2 Chronicles 36:1-10; Jeremiah 22; Jeremiah 36 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Jerusalem's destruction and the surviving Davidic line	No independent northern monarchy remains	Zedekiah; Jehoiachin later remains alive in Babylon
Jerusalem's destruction and the surviving Davidic line Link to this entry What to compare The kingdom falls, yet Kings closes with the captive Jehoiachin's release and honored status. Reading passages 2 Kings 24:18–25:30; 2 Chronicles 36:11-23; Jeremiah 39; Jeremiah 52 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)

Sources and editorial method

Primary passage links appear beside the data. This guide identifies background perspectives, scope, and the distinction between textual evidence and editorial organization.

Sources and editorial method
Source type	Source / topic	How it is used
Primary text	Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles	The regnal statements, narrative events, and assessments are taken from the referenced historical passages.
Primary text Link to this entry Qualification / limitation The details sheet retains material that a simple good/bad label would omit. Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Primary text	Prophetic books and Acts	Prophetic superscriptions and specific encounters support named associations; Acts 13:21 supports Saul's forty-year duration.
Primary text Link to this entry Qualification / limitation Association with a period is not automatically evidence of a personal meeting. Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Chronology source	Crossway: Kings of Israel	Supplies the selected approximate northern calendar-date framework.
Chronology source Link to this entry Qualification / limitation Its dates are reconstructed historical coordinates. The biblical reign totals remain separately visible. Source esv.org (opens in a new tab)
Chronology source	Crossway: Kings of Judah	Supplies the selected approximate southern calendar-date framework and proposed shared-rule dates.
Chronology source Link to this entry Qualification / limitation The workbook paraphrases events independently and does not adopt every simplified phrase in the source. Source esv.org (opens in a new tab)
Chronology source	Crossway: Historical Books introduction	Supplies an early-monarchy chronological reference point.
Chronology source Link to this entry Qualification / limitation Saul's dates are particularly uncertain; the workbook marks its traditional forty-year reconstruction. Source esv.org (opens in a new tab)
Editorial method	What the ruler total includes	3 united-monarchy kings + 19 northern kings + 20 southern rulers including Athaliah + Ishbosheth and Tibni as separate rivals.
Editorial method Link to this entry Qualification / limitation Absalom, Adonijah, and pre-monarchical Abimelech are discussed as boundaries rather than additional standard regnal entries.
Editorial method	No automatic year subtraction	Date spans, biblical reign lengths, and accession ages are kept as different kinds of evidence.
Editorial method Link to this entry Qualification / limitation Shared reigns, partial years, disputed numbers, and approximate external dates prevent a reliable simple sum.
Source policy	Preserving disagreement	Difficult age readings and accession synchronisms are surfaced in Chronology Notes.
Source policy Link to this entry Qualification / limitation Modern BC dates are not claimed to be literal biblical wording, and unresolved details are not filled with invented precision.
Ministry source	Unforsaken faith statement	The commentary is written within the ministry's stated beliefs rather than an unnamed denominational consensus.
Ministry source Link to this entry Qualification / limitation A ministry interpretation remains distinguishable from an explicit statement in the biblical passage. Source unforsaken.org (opens in a new tab)
Supplied editorial source	Unforsaken Codex Master Instructions	The supplied doctrinal and voice instructions govern specific conclusions such as Pauline authorship of Hebrews and eternal security.
Supplied editorial source Link to this entry Qualification / limitation This is a supplied editorial document, not an additional biblical source or an independently published historical proof.

Reading Notes: Text, Interpretation, and Context

Passage-specific explanations of the main distinctions used in this reviewed edition.

Reading Notes: Text, Interpretation, and Context
Topic	Related entries	Explanation
Biblical years and reconstructed dates	Ruler Index; Chronology Notes	The biblical reign length is kept separate from the proposed BC span because partial years, shared authority, and differing year reckonings affect a chronology. A simple subtraction is not sufficient to settle every notice. Where the dates remain disputed, the table names its framework and retains the uncertainty.
Biblical years and reconstructed dates Link to this entry Scripture references 1 Kings 15:25-28; 2 Kings 15:1-5; 2 Kings 18:1-13 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
A ruler's conduct can change	J08; J14; J16; N07	The historical books do not always fit a king into one unqualified description. Joash's later departure from faithful worship, Manasseh's humbling, and Ahab's response to judgment belong in their respective accounts. These are assessments of narrated conduct, not permission to pronounce an unrecorded final spiritual condition for every ruler.
A ruler's conduct can change Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Chronicles 24:1-25; 2 Chronicles 33:1-20; 1 Kings 21:17-29 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Unresolved numbers stay visible	J06; J19; C09; C14	The NKJV prints different accession ages for Ahaziah and Jehoiachin in Kings and Chronicles. This edition retains the actual readings and distinguishes them from rounding in the stated reign durations. It does not invent a second accession, a hidden age system, or a supposedly certain explanation simply to remove the difficulty from view.
Unresolved numbers stay visible Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Kings 8:26; 2 Chronicles 22:2; 2 Kings 24:8; 2 Chronicles 36:9 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)
Names, rivals, and the scope of the list	R01; R02; J07	The collection contains the standard royal succession, including Athaliah, plus Ishbosheth and Tibni as separately labeled rivals. Absalom and Adonijah also made royal claims, but they are not being counted as additional entries in that succession. The kingdom and entry ID should be used with repeated names such as Joash, Jehoram, and Ahaziah.
Names, rivals, and the scope of the list Link to this entry Scripture references 2 Samuel 2:8-11; 2 Samuel 15:1-12; 1 Kings 1:5-10; 1 Kings 16:21-22; 2 Kings 11 Source biblegateway.com (opens in a new tab)

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Kings of Israel and Judah

Kings and rulers: complete reference

Saul

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David

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Solomon

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Ishbosheth

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Jeroboam I

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Nadab

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Baasha

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Elah

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Zimri

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Omri

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Tibni

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Ahab

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Ahaziah

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Jehoram / Joram

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Jehu

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Jehoahaz

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Joash / Jehoash

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Jeroboam II

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Zechariah

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Shallum

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Menahem

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Pekahiah

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Pekah

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Hoshea

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Rehoboam

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Abijah / Abijam

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Asa

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Jehoshaphat

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Jehoram / Joram

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Ahaziah

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Athaliah

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Joash / Jehoash

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Amaziah

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Uzziah / Azariah

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Jotham

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Ahaz

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Hezekiah

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Manasseh

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Amon

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