What does the Bible say about the plagues of Egypt?

The plagues of Egypt are recorded in Exodus 7–12. God sent ten plagues upon Egypt to compel Pharaoh to release the children of Israel from bondage. Each plague demonstrated God’s power over the gods of Egypt and revealed His judgment against Pharaoh’s hardened heart (Exodus 7:3–5; 12:12).

The ten plagues are as follows:

  1. Water turned to blood: The Nile River and all water sources turned to blood, killing the fish and making the water undrinkable (Exodus 7:20–24).

  2. Frogs: Frogs came up from the waters and filled houses, beds, and ovens (Exodus 8:1–6).

  3. Lice (or gnats): Dust became lice throughout Egypt, affecting people and animals (Exodus 8:16–17).

  4. Swarms of flies: Dense swarms of flies filled Egyptian homes and land, but Goshen, where the Israelites lived, was spared (Exodus 8:20–24).

  5. Pestilence on livestock: A severe plague killed the Egyptian livestock, but the livestock of Israel was unharmed (Exodus 9:1–7).

  6. Boils: Painful boils broke out on Egyptians and their animals, caused by ashes scattered toward the sky (Exodus 9:8–12).

  7. Hail mixed with fire: A grievous hailstorm destroyed crops, trees, and livestock in the fields, but not in Goshen (Exodus 9:22–26).

  8. Locusts: Locusts devoured all that the hail had left, covering the land and darkening the sky (Exodus 10:12–15).

  9. Darkness: A thick darkness covered Egypt for three days, but the Israelites had light in their dwellings (Exodus 10:21–23).

  10. Death of the firstborn: At midnight, the Lord struck all the firstborn in Egypt, from Pharaoh’s son to the captive in the dungeon, as well as the firstborn of livestock (Exodus 12:29–30). The Israelites were protected by the blood of the Passover lamb on their doorposts (Exodus 12:7, 13).

After the tenth plague, Pharaoh released the Israelites, and they departed in haste (Exodus 12:31–33, 50–51). The plagues reveal God’s justice, His power over false gods, and His deliverance of His covenant people. They also foreshadow the final judgments to come and highlight the necessity of obedience and reverence toward the one true God.

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